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Contested Memories: An Imaginary Museum for a Chinese Female Revolutionary Martyr, Liu Hulan 有争议的记忆:一个中国女性革命烈士的想象博物馆，刘胡兰
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.1177/00977004231170267
Xian Wang
{"title":"Contested Memories: An Imaginary Museum for a Chinese Female Revolutionary Martyr, Liu Hulan","authors":"Xian Wang","doi":"10.1177/00977004231170267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004231170267","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years, the Chinese government has sought to assert ideological dominance and rebuild the legitimacy of the Communist Party regime through control of national memory. Although collective memory is shaped by the ruling government through ideological maneuvering, it is also reinterpreted in literature, media, and art. This article examines both the state-sanctioned narratives and the reproductions of one young female revolutionary martyr, Liu Hulan (1932–1947), to explore how the process of making Liu a martyr contributed to collective memory, how gender and sexuality support or problematize state-sponsored ideology, and how contemporary rewritings of Liu’s martyrdom question state ideology and nationalism. This article establishes an imaginary museum for Liu Hulan, exhibiting official memories and countermemories in juxtaposition. It shows that chastity and traditional gender roles remain constant concerns in the creation and commemoration of female revolutionary martyrs.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42775703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Past, Present, and Future of Commercial Associations in China: Reflections on Theory and the Pathways of Practice 中国商业协会的过去、现在与未来:理论思考与实践路径
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1177/00977004231170269
Shannon Zhao
{"title":"The Past, Present, and Future of Commercial Associations in China: Reflections on Theory and the Pathways of Practice","authors":"Shannon Zhao","doi":"10.1177/00977004231170269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004231170269","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1980s, three paradigms have dominated the historical study of commercial associations—class analysis, modernization, and “public sphere”/“civil society”—but all three are imbued with and insist upon a binary opposition between state and society. These paradigms produce an understanding of commercial associations as part of a Western-style “bourgeois public sphere,” itself part of “civil society,” standing in opposition to the state. These misinterpretations were only strengthened by the complete state-ification of commercial associations in China after 1949. Studies of the history of commercial associations, trapped in this theoretical pitfall, cannot produce convincing historical research, even with abundant empirical data, nor can they provide experiential models for the development of contemporary commercial associations. Instead, if we focus on practice, we discover that modern commercial associations were part of a “third sphere,” an in-between space within the paradoxical institutional framework of China’s highly centralized government and minimalist administrative system. The semiformal governance mechanism operative within the third sphere reflected the close relationship and mutual shaping at work between the state and local society rather than a binary opposition between them. Applying these insights on the history of commercial associations to the practices of contemporary “commercial consultative associations” allows us to see that the semiformal administrative traditions embedded in the “third sphere” continue to quietly operate, which has immense significance for the future development of commercial associations in China.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"408 - 447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49166086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Ongoing Business of Chinese-Language Reform: A View from the Periphery of Hong Kong in the Past Half Century 从香港周边看半个世纪以来的汉语改革
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.1177/00977004221137535
J. Wong, A. D. Wong
{"title":"The Ongoing Business of Chinese-Language Reform: A View from the Periphery of Hong Kong in the Past Half Century","authors":"J. Wong, A. D. Wong","doi":"10.1177/00977004221137535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004221137535","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of the changing meaning of the “Chinese” language in Hong Kong, this article explores how Mandarin, once an unproblematic link to a nebulous Chinese nation for Hongkongers, now reflects anti-mainland sentiments. In the 1970s, Hong Kong Chinese who fought against English colonial oppression embraced Cantonese as their de facto Chinese language even as some conceded the broader allure of Mandarin. As the popularity of Cantonese rose, the appeal of Mandarin lingered but did not result in its higher currency. In the period leading up to the 1997 handover, while the colonial government did not mandate the study of Mandarin, its economic practicality surged, especially as the reform era engineered tremendous opportunities for Hongkongers in the mainland. Ironically, as Hongkongers have registered enhanced Mandarin proficiency, mounting resentment toward Mandarin in the city over the past two decades has come to represent a response to intensifying mainland control over Hong Kong.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"448 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45636018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Revisiting “the Great Divergence”: Clarifying the Two Major Modes of Agriculture in China and the West 重新审视“大分流”:厘清中西方两大农业模式
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1177/00977004231164778
Philip C. C. Huang
{"title":"Revisiting “the Great Divergence”: Clarifying the Two Major Modes of Agriculture in China and the West","authors":"Philip C. C. Huang","doi":"10.1177/00977004231164778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004231164778","url":null,"abstract":"Kenneth Pomeranz and Li Bozhong have recently conceded that they had been wrong that “the great divergence” between China and the West occurred only after 1800, but they continue to insist that when it came to agriculture and its labor productivity, their earlier argument still holds. This article summarizes the broad differences between eighteenth-century England’s crops cum animal husbandry agriculture and China’s crops-only agriculture to demonstrate the fundamental differences between the two. It is time we recognize fully how very different the two were and are, and how and why each follows an entirely different pattern to modern development. It is simply wrong to continue to obscure those basic differences by insisting on equivalence between them.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"519 - 531"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43349551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Filial Affection as Political Failing: The Children of Rural Class Enemies under the Maoist Emotional Regime 作为政治失败的孝感：毛主义情感统治下农村阶级敌人的子女
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1177/00977004231159853
Mark Czellér
{"title":"Filial Affection as Political Failing: The Children of Rural Class Enemies under the Maoist Emotional Regime","authors":"Mark Czellér","doi":"10.1177/00977004231159853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004231159853","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars have shown that the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong was highly attuned to the role of emotions in human thought and action, and developed sophisticated techniques to channel them toward its political aims. How did individuals experience the system of normative emotions that developed from these political projects? This article addresses this question from the perspective of one particular group, those whose families were classified as “landlords” or “rich peasants.” It shows that those from such backgrounds were expected to renounce any filial emotion and to develop hostility toward their parents, an expectation that put most of them in a situation of acute emotional conflict. The article goes on to explore the ways in which people responded to this conflict, concluding that for the majority the conflict could be temporarily avoided but could not be resolved. It further argues that the larger-scale assault on the parent–child bond that took place during Cultural Revolution, which was widely denounced in post-Mao discourse, is best understood not merely as an extreme manifestation of the party’s anti-traditionalism, but as the broadening of practices that had developed primarily in connection with rural class enemies.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43530434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The “Social Science of Practice”: An Introductory Summary and Analysis “实践社会科学”导论综述与分析
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1177/00977004231158808
Philip C. C. Huang
{"title":"The “Social Science of Practice”: An Introductory Summary and Analysis","authors":"Philip C. C. Huang","doi":"10.1177/00977004231158808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004231158808","url":null,"abstract":"The “theory of practice” was developed mainly in order to rise above the common tendency to treat the subjective and the objective as an either/or binary. We might rely mainly on subjective presuppositions to arrive at our scholarly conclusions, or engage only in the compilation and accumulation of empirical evidence, but practice is unavoidably born of the interaction between the two dimensions. Precisely for this reason, we suggest that scholarly research proceed from actual practice, in order to rise above the either/or subjective/objective binary, and attend to both theoretical construction and empirical discovery, to focus deliberately on the inter-relating of the two. This article attempts to use actual scholarly practices as concrete examples to illustrate what is meant by the “social science of practice” approach to research.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"391 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43946740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Carrying the “Nation’s Thousand-Jin Burden”: Yiyun, the Relay Transportation System during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945 承载“国家千斤重担”:1937-1945年甲午战争时期的义运接力运输系统
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-02-05 DOI: 10.1177/00977004221147044
J. Yip
{"title":"Carrying the “Nation’s Thousand-Jin Burden”: Yiyun, the Relay Transportation System during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945","authors":"J. Yip","doi":"10.1177/00977004221147044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004221147044","url":null,"abstract":"During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Nationalist government established a system of relay transportation, called yiyun, to move military provisions and consumption goods across Free China. The Nationalists’ dependence on locally sourced porters, pack animals, and boats was a product of their unique challenge: waging protracted war within an agrarian economy. While yiyun had its own bureaucratic apparatus at the national level, its day-to-day operations throughout the provinces fell onto local actors, such as the baojia. Through these local agents of control and extraction, the Nationalist state channeled the exigencies of war into the remotest communities and the individual household. The yiyun system demonstrates the wartime Nationalists’ remarkable capacity for organizing resources in a time of crisis. However, its exploitative tendencies also reveal their willingness to trade civilian livelihoods for better odds of survival. Any recognition of the Nationalists’ success in maintaining China’s sovereignty must also accept its foundation in imposed civilian sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"621 - 653"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43949715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Aesthetic Needs of the Masses: Cultural Work in the Aftermath of the Great Leap Forward 群众的审美需要：大跃进后的文化工作
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1177/00977004221132155
Minerva Inwald
{"title":"The Aesthetic Needs of the Masses: Cultural Work in the Aftermath of the Great Leap Forward","authors":"Minerva Inwald","doi":"10.1177/00977004221132155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004221132155","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 1960s, as part of a suite of policies intended to rectify the failures of the Great Leap Forward, the Propaganda Department and the Ministry of Culture launched new cultural policies that inaugurated a relatively liberal period for the arts in the People’s Republic of China. This article explores how these new policies reconceptualized the relationship between art and politics to emphasize the importance of providing audiences with experiences of enjoyment, relaxation, and aesthetic pleasure, as well as how state-run media reporting on the newly opened Museum of Chinese Art and its inaugural exhibition embodied the aspirations of these new policies by describing and imagining visitors indulging in the beauty of the museum and the artworks on display. By examining the brief expansion of what it meant for art to serve socialism in the early 1960s, this article reveals that cultural officials experimented with multiple configurations of the relationship between art and politics during the Mao Zedong era.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"290 - 319"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46256324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The CCP Information Order in the Early People’s Republic of China: The Case of Xuanjiao Dongtai 建国初期的中共信息秩序——以宣教东台为例
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1177/00977004221133444
D. Leese
{"title":"The CCP Information Order in the Early People’s Republic of China: The Case of Xuanjiao Dongtai","authors":"D. Leese","doi":"10.1177/00977004221133444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004221133444","url":null,"abstract":"After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) faced a major predicament. Since the new leadership did not allow free exchange of opinions, the problem was how to obtain reliable information. To deal with this dilemma, the CCP developed a two-pronged approach. Besides public news items that catered to the mobilizational aspects of party policies, it established secret feedback channels, the so-called neican 内参, or internal reference, bulletins. These were strictly tasked with separating facts from opinion to provide the leadership with an objective account of developments in China and abroad. Over time, a distinct system for the controlled circulation of intelligence, an “information order,” took shape. This article looks at one of the most important reference bulletins, Xuanjiao dongtai 宣教动态, edited by the Central Propaganda Department between 1953 and 1966, and traces changes in the bulletin’s international coverage over time.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"135 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41946259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Benevolent Reeducation and Active Remolding: A Perspective from Liu Yuxuan’s Diary and Correspondence 仁爱再教育与积极改造——从刘日记与书信看
IF 1 4区 社会学
Modern China Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1177/00977004221123323
Ning Wang
{"title":"Benevolent Reeducation and Active Remolding: A Perspective from Liu Yuxuan’s Diary and Correspondence","authors":"Ning Wang","doi":"10.1177/00977004221123323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004221123323","url":null,"abstract":"Using recently published personal correspondence and a diary (supplemented by camp gazetteers, recollections, etc.), this article attempts to examine the experiences and inner world of Liu Yuxuan, an intellectual persecuted in 1950s China, during his internment in a reeducation-through-labor (laojiao) camp—his activism in ideological remolding, his perspectives on himself and his campmates, his wife’s role in his redemption, and some practices of and conditions in the Shandong First Laojiao Institution. While recent scholarship has noted the presence of relatively benevolent laojiao camps in the Mao Zedong era, this article shows what reeducation was like for a single individual. It also shows that, for certain types of victims of the Chinese Communist Party’s political campaigns, reeducation involved both genuine efforts for transformation and pragmatic concerns regarding surviving laojiao.","PeriodicalId":47030,"journal":{"name":"Modern China","volume":"49 1","pages":"192 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43426377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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