Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management最新文献

{"title":"Mass ecotourism, media, and wildlife experience","authors":"Julius Arnegger ,&nbsp;Marc Herz ,&nbsp;Michael Campbell","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mass ecotourism (i.e., standardized and mediated nature and wildlife experiences offered to a large number of tourists) represents a large proportion of the international ecotourism market. We assess how tourist expectations in a mass ecotourism setting are shaped by representations of nature and wildlife in popular media, as well as participants' general interest in nature. Using an on-site two-wave assessment of seal-watching tours in the German Wadden Sea we further explore how these factors impact tourists’ behavioral intentions. We find that eco media consumption significantly influences expectations and leads to disappointment with the wildlife experience in question, while a higher general interest in nature appears to mediate disappointment by providing more realistic expectations. Conclusions point to the need for better management of tourist expectations and experiences for tour operators, and to further research on mass ecotourism in general.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p>Our findings shall help tour operators in mass ecotourism to better manage visitor experiences:</p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>All ecotourism and wildlife tourism operators, including in mass ecotourism, need to include environmental learning into their offers. Neglecting environmental learning is risky as it compromises satisfaction levels and leads to negative behavioral outcomes.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>In their marketing, tour operators should clearly communicate aspects of nature and wildlife. This may help to counterbalance unrealistic expectations fueled by tourists' eco-related media consumption, as well as to highlight the unique selling proposition of wildlife and ecotourism tours.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100732"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001299/pdfft?md5=1104f5ee75df665a7508ea9c404cc56a&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001299-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139434613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of information signs in deterring visitor vandalism","authors":"Tzeng-Hua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Visitors' depreciative behavior is a problematic issue for tourist management. Management authorities often attempted to prevent these unwelcome behaviors by creating information signs. However, are these signs effective? What types of information content and color usage produce better effects? These questions have yet to be critically examined. In this study, visitors not following paved paths and treading over vegetation are recorded in five experimental settings: one control setting with no signs and four other scenarios each with different texts and colors – all with hidden cameras monitoring results. The results suggest that information signs significantly reduce visitor depreciative behavior to vegetation, and punitive warning signs are more effective than positive educational signs. In addition, \"cold\" signs with blue backgrounds achieved better results than \"warm\" signs with red backgrounds. The study also revealed that when one does not obey the signs, others will follow; younger people were more likely to commit deviant depreciative behavior.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p></p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>Information signs effectively reduce visitor vandalism</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Punitive warning signs produce a more favorable outcome than positive educational signs.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>“Cold” signs with blue backgrounds achieved better results than “warm” signs with red backgrounds.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>When one does not obey information signs, others will follow.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Younger people show the most deviant vandalism behavior.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100731"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001287/pdfft?md5=142497ada32b05b135a08d866923394e&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001287-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139433499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysfunctional tourism behaviors in national parks: An exploration of causes, typologies, and consequences in the case of Saharan tourism","authors":"Amina Chebli ,&nbsp;Linda Ami Moussa-Alloui ,&nbsp;Boualem Kadri ,&nbsp;Isabelle Falardeau","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores a seldom explored area of inappropriate tourist behavior in African national parks in the Sahara through a case study to support the management and promotion of tourism activities. Using the critical incident technique, 09 frontline employees of the Tassili N'ajjer National Park in Algeria were interviewed to identify tourist behavior that deviates from generally accepted social norms. Based on the survey results, a theoretical framework consisting of seven causes, nine categories of inappropriate behaviors, and three consequence dimensions was constructed. This theoretical framework provides elements for critical discussion of the sustainability of tourism in national parks, as well as a basis for further research. The results also enrich the literature on the subject and provide a basis for the study of North-South tourism dynamics. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.</p></div><div><h3>Managerial implications</h3><p>This research study significantly enhances the strategies employed in the management of national parks and protected areas in several ways.</p></div><div><h3>Identifying incentives for Jaycustomer behavior</h3><p>Poor enforcement of regulations, lack of supervision, low prices, lack of knowledge, ambiguity of experience, egocentricity (common tragedy), anonymity and ethnocentrism are the underlying motivations for inappropriate tourist behavior.</p></div><div><h3>Expanded Understanding of Jaycustomer Behavior</h3><p>In addition to the categories of jaycustomer behavior identified in previous studies, this research unveils tourist behaviors that have been rarely documented in the literature. These include disengagement, dishonesty, pollution, noise, and waste.</p></div><div><h3>Influential Situational Factors</h3><p>The study finds that the perceived legitimacy of regulations and the level of supervision are the most influential situational factors affecting jaycustomer behavior. The necessary actions include the need for solid regulation, enforced through vigilant control measures and sanctions, and the improvement of guide performance through staff education and training.</p></div><div><h3>Impact of Poor Assimilation and Lack of Information</h3><p>The research highlights that poor assimilation of park regulations and a lack of information about them exacerbate cognitive biases in judgment formation, shedding light on the importance of effective communication and education strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221307802300110X/pdfft?md5=a967b7b2d843488b41b2ed1c149aff64&pid=1-s2.0-S221307802300110X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139406457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature always recovers! A degrowth analysis of event participants’ perspective on environmental impacts","authors":"Axel Eriksson ,&nbsp;Helene Balslev Clausen","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper highlights the challenges of self-limitation, providing insights into how event sport participants relate to and act within limits. From a cultural degrowth perspective that advocates for the need to practice self-limitation and reduce environmental waste from economic activities, we examine how event participants perceive physical impacts on nature during two types of nature-based events in Jämtland, Sweden. Based on 50 semi-structured interviews, observations and photo-elicitation observations, the findings reveal the difficulties of adhering to limitations. Initially, the informants considered only trash or greenhouse gas emissions as impacts but were stunned to see photos of how impacts such as trail and soil erosion had gone beyond what they imagined. However, responsibility for limiting the effects tended to shift to others, particularly the event organisers. These two events present a paradox in tourism. The convivial idea of visiting nature collides with resource utilisation that heavily impacts the environment.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p>Several suggestions of measures to consider emerged to limit impacts from participant and nature-based events, as well as for sport tourism in nature. While participants tend to transfer responsibility to the organisers and local authorities, creating awareness and guide them to a sustainable behaviour are highly appreciated.</p><ul><li><span>1.</span><span><p>Event organisers should implement stricter guidelines for participant behaviour, providing create encouragement, options and clear instructions to reduce environmental impacts, it may in very low degree decrease their experience, but more importantly shows signs of responsibility.</p></span></li><li><span>2.</span><span><p>Acceptable restrictions could include walking a few metres, imposing penalties, and offering alternative routes. Local knowledge is crucial in this regard. Well-known in the respective sport should serve as role models, influencing participants to adopt more sustainable practises.</p></span></li><li><span>3.</span><span><p>Policy makers must ensure that event organisers adhere to specific guidelines. Local governments must facilitate measures to protect the physical environment, providing flexibility to accommodate last-minute changes if necessary.</p></span></li><li><span>4.</span><span><p>What types of environmental impacts are perceived and function differently in relation to the feeling of abundance of nature. While the importance of addressing global environmental impacts, equal attention should be given to preserving the physical environment.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100706"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001032/pdfft?md5=b8379d65470bbbd86d3307ba2be16550&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001032-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139077731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How ocean beach recreational quality fits with safety issues? An analysis of risky behaviours in France","authors":"Jeoffrey Dehez,&nbsp;Sandrine Lyser","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Beaches are highly attractive environments providing a wealth of recreational services. However, many people drown unintentionally on beaches worldwide. In the face of these dangers, the establishment of supervised swimming areas remains one of the most effective preventive measures. Despite the risk of drowning, many beachgoers choose to recreate outside supervised areas or at unpatrolled beaches. Based on a representative survey of 240 beachgoers living in the south-west of France, we combine variable clustering method and logistic regressions to predict risky location choices. Surfers, anglers and beachgoers who practice beach sports are more likely to go outside the lifeguard supervised areas at patrolled beaches than those who do not. Collecting shells or having a picnic also encourages people to go to unsafe places more often. Individuals who do not like facilities are more likely to go to unpatrolled beaches. Neither gender nor the distance travelled to recreate at the beach has any significant statistical influence in the models. Two types of information seeking behaviours can be identified. Individuals who like waves and collect marine and weather information before going to the beach are more likely than others to bath outside of patrolled areas. In comparison, those who do not like waves do not necessarily seek to improve their knowledge base on the subject, but instead look for more detailed information on supervision/lifesaving patrols. These results highlight the need for a broader beach safety perspective with stronger interactions between lifeguards, beachgoers, and designers of recreational facilities.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p>In this study, we demonstrated how preferences regarding outdoor recreation and beach recreational quality indirectly cause beachgoers to expose themselves to danger. It's therefore necessary to design recreational facilities that encourage people to remain in supervised, patrolled areas. It is also important to build a comprehensive beach safety perspective that includes lifeguards', recreational facilities designers' as well as beachgoers' representations and practices. On unpatrolled beaches, the time needed for rescuers to arrive may be delayed. Surfers and anglers who go to unpatrolled beaches more often than others could act as by stander rescuers if properly trained. The results underline the need to rethink widespread communication and prevention policy design. The findings show that people who declared themselves informed about marine weather conditions before coming to the beach are more likely than others to bathe outside supervised areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001081/pdfft?md5=087acb2d7cab53a58ee02d3cc1435b63&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001081-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139070140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of recreational and tourist cycling routes. Case study in the West Region of Portugal","authors":"Luís Carvalhinho ,&nbsp;Elsa Pereira ,&nbsp;Rosana Durão ,&nbsp;Paulo Rosa","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recreational and tourist cycling routes in Portugal, namely in the west coast region, have been growing sharply in recent years. This trend can be generalized throughout the country, considering the importance of the strategy outlined by the Portuguese Cycling Federation, to reach more people, to offer better practice conditions, and contributing to the sustainability of the regions. In order to ensure a quality offer in terms of cycling related products, 13 routes were assessed in the territory of Caldas da Rainha municipality, as part of its Cycling Center project. An innovative methodological approach was used based on the regulations for the approval of Portuguese cycling routes, which involved different stakeholders, focus group, data triangulation, with different points of assessment, techniques and emerging technological instruments, facilitating greater depth in data collection. The results allowed for the assessment of a balanced distribution of routes and existing resources, in terms of technical difficulty, level of physical effort and touristic and landscape interest. The quality of conditions for sports and recreation can contribute to the promotion of active lifestyles, safety, comfort, the attraction of tourists and the promotion of the heritage and sustainability of the territory.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p></p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>Cycling Routes can contribute to the deseasonalisation of outdoor-based tourism demand.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>The participation of stakeholders (e.g. cyclists, clubs, companies, municipality) can contribute to the development of a cycling tourism destination.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Planners should identify the specific needs of this segment to design and manage the offer.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Specialized services are needed to support recreational cycling and tourism.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Cycling tourism products should value the points of interest of the territory, and the satisfaction of cyclists, also considering, the level of difficulty of each route</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>The cycling industry can help improve destination positioning.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Climate, safety and the quality of natural resources are key to enhancing a cycling tourism destination.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001263/pdfft?md5=428a58355df24515739e0328df1db0a3&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001263-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139033812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skiers’ perception of climate change in China: The role of activity involvement and place loyalty","authors":"Yan Fang ,&nbsp;Hanyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Mengke Wang ,&nbsp;Daniel Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a multidimensional framework that defines skiers' perception of climate change and examines the role that activity involvement and place loyalty play in shaping their perceptions. Between December 2022 and February 2023, 886 Chinese skiers were invited to participate in an online survey, and this survey data was then analyzed using a hierarchical regression model. Results show that Chinese skiers generally have low climate change perception, with the western region exhibiting lower levels of perception compared to the eastern coastal region. There are regional disparities in the different dimensions of climate change perception among Chinese skiers, with consequence perception being the weakest dimension. Importantly, while involvement and loyalty significantly influence Chinese skiers' experience and knowledge perception of climate change, they do not have a significant impact on consequence perception. A series of managerial implications and recommendations for further studies and industry are provided.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p>The perception of climate change among Chinese skiers appears to be relatively low when compared to existing research conducted in countries like Norway and Finland. This highlights the importance of understanding the impact of this low perception on their skiing behaviors, which is significant in predicting the increasing demand for emerging ski tourism destinations in the context of climate change. Additionally, ski industry stakeholders in China should strive to improve skiers' perception of climate change and actively promote environmental awareness and low-carbon behavior among them. For example, considering the significant mismatch between the supply and demand of ski tourism in China, attention should be paid to the issue of carbon emissions resulting from skiers' transportation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001275/pdfft?md5=a145e8d879ccf6b280626f4fd0472878&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001275-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139033811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived constraints to participating in wildlife-related recreation","authors":"Nicholas W. Cole ,&nbsp;Emily J. Wilkins ,&nbsp;Kaylin R. Clements ,&nbsp;Rudy M. Schuster ,&nbsp;Ashley A. Dayer ,&nbsp;H.W. Harshaw ,&nbsp;David C. Fulton ,&nbsp;Jennifer N. Duberstein ,&nbsp;Andrew H. Raedeke","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wildlife-related recreationists play an important role in conservation. Understanding constraints to wildlife-related activities is critical for maintaining or increasing participation in activities like birdwatching and hunting. A mail-out survey was administered to a generalized sample representative of U.S. residents (i.e., not specific to birdwatching or hunting) in early 2017 to determine what would limit them from participating in birdwatching and hunting (n = 1030). We employed a concurrent nested mixed-methods design: open-ended responses were thematically coded qualitatively in two distinct cycles (i.e., inductive, and then mixed inductive-deductive coding), and then the probability of expressing the second cycle codes was quantitatively modeled using multinomial logit models for the respective activities. Doing so empirically determined various groups’ constraints that are important to recruitment, retention, and reactivation (R³) efforts for birdwatching and hunting. We found that the likelihood of experiencing unique constraints varied based on sociodemographic characteristics, and these relationships differed between birdwatching and hunting. Gender had a limited effect on constraints to birdwatching but was a strong indicator of intrapersonal constraints and limitations to involvement in hunting. The likelihood of expressing structural constraints decreased with age for both activities. Possessing strong social ties to the activities tended to reduce the likelihood of expressing constraints overall but this was especially true for hunting. Our findings inform R³ efforts for wildlife-related recreation and provide direct results that organizations can apply in seeking to help Americans negotiate constraints and increase and diversify participation in wildlife-related recreation and conservation behavior.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p>Our results have implications for recruitment, retention, and reactivation (R³) efforts to increase participation in birdwatching and hunting. Those seeking to increase participation in birdwatching should prioritize younger segments of the population because they expressed more constraints than older segments except for limited capacity to participate. For hunting, gender was a key variable in determining expressed constraints; identifying as female increased the likelihood of expressing intrapersonal constraints and limitations in involvement. For both activities, possessing strong social ties (i.e., family, and close friends) to both activities were effective in decreasing the likelihood of expressing many constraints. Organizations seeking to recruit new participants to birdwatching or hunting should develop programs that encourage existing participants to involve friends and family with the activities and foster interest in the activities among non-participants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100712"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001093/pdfft?md5=5a1fcfac8ed7b2f3a10475a8475a084e&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001093-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138569546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outdoor recreationists’ engagement with weather: The weather-outdoor recreation process model","authors":"Elise Gatti ,&nbsp;Matt Brownlee","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The role of weather in outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism constitutes a growing area of research. Yet how and when weather influences the individual outdoor recreation experience continues to warrant investigation. Furthermore, concepts and knowledge about human-weather relationships are scattered across several disciplines. This paper consolidates the literature and relationships into a conceptual model that illustrates the ways in which recreationists engage with weather during the nature-based outdoor recreation experience. At the core of the model, constructed using a multidisciplinary literature review and expert appraisal process, is the person-weather environment fit process. During each phase of the recreation experience, individuals assess and respond to weather conditions considering their recreational goals, chosen activity, comfort, health and safety, and site access. When faced with an incongruent fit, individuals engage in a process of weather constraints negotiation. Intervening factors and negotiation responses are highlighted, as are personal and other environmental factors that may influence perceptions of the thermal context and weather. The resulting conceptual model is intended to be applicable to most individuals, outdoor recreation activities and settings, and regions. The model can be used to situate existing outdoor recreation-weather research, stimulate future research, and inform management.</p></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><p></p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>The Weather-Outdoor Recreation Process Model (WORP) provides fodder for academic discourse, testable hypotheses, research ideas, and advances our collective understanding of outdoor recreation.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>The model provides outdoor recreation researchers and management interested in understanding how weather plays a role or otherwise influences recreationists' experiences and behaviors with a conceptual map of recreationist-weather interactions.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Researchers may choose to use the conceptual model and accompanying literature review as a means for exploring various concepts and relationships.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Recreation managers may consult the model in order to grasp the range of possible weather concerns and identify entry points for interventions to support year-round recreation and positive outcomes for different groups.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>The model can be applied in a training or formal education environment as a basis to discuss the complexities of outdoor recreation and associated variables.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Practitioners can use the WORP to identify how improvements in infrastructure and/or information provision may help increase the ability of outdoor recreationists to negotiate weather constraints.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100707"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001044/pdfft?md5=e7dee89498f5b0d2d17cb102a77d24d3&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001044-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138471893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do soundscape perceptions vary over length of stay within urban parks?","authors":"Xingyue Fang ,&nbsp;Ying Qi ,&nbsp;Marcus Hedblom ,&nbsp;Tian Gao ,&nbsp;Ling Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2023.100728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Outdoor recreational experiences of soundscapes in urban parks are not instantaneous but continuous over time, yet most existing studies evaluate soundscapes in one place or one environment at a single moment in time. In this study, outdoor users' perceptions of soundscapes during a visit in varying environments within urban parks in Xi'an, China were explored. The results from N = 2034 respondents showed that (1) the level of overall perceived loudness peaked between 30 min and 1 h of a visit and then the perception of loudness lessened with increased length of stay. (2) Perceived occurrences of both natural and mechanical sounds showed a significant increment within 1 h, however, the natural sounds remained relatively stable after the hour, while the mechanical sounds rose significantly to a peak between 1 and 3 h (3) Visual sources of birds were not detected until after 3 h of the visit, while visual sources of broadcast music were tended to be detected within 1 h (4) Overall perceived loudness only varied over time in blue, open green and dense green space; perceived occurrences of birds only varied over time in grey and partly open/dense green space; perceived occurrences of broadcast music only varied over time in grey space, partly open/dense green and dense green space; perceived occurrences of bicycle riding only varied over time in open green and dense green space. The implications of these findings include the management of urban parks to improve the recreational experience of visitors, and considerations for future research on the soundscape in urban parks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100728"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213078023001251/pdfft?md5=b18980b5e5eac69b86588cb4c00ae1c6&pid=1-s2.0-S2213078023001251-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138475053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}