Journal of Children and Media最新文献

{"title":"The home literacy and media environment of Saudi toddlers","authors":"Haifa Alroqi, L. Serratrice, T. Cameron-Faulkner","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1921819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1921819","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The past few years have witnessed a rapid increase in children’s use of screen media. Despite the widespread use of technology in Saudi Arabia, research on screen media use among young children is scarce. This study provides a comprehensive picture of screen media use and literacy practices among 220 1- to 3-year-olds in Saudi Arabia. Findings showed that the vast majority of these children had started using screens before the age of 2 years. Saudi toddlers’ overall screen time was about 3 hours a day which exceeds screen time recommendations by the World Health Organization. Iftah Ya Simsim (the Arabic version of Sesame Street) was children’s favourite TV show, YouTube was their favourite mobile media app, and children’s songs were their most frequently viewed content type on mobile media. The amount of time toddlers spent with screens was higher than their engagement with reading. More than 40% of the children were never read to, and one quarter had no children’s books at home. Results of this study provide a better understanding of children’s screen use and reading practices; an important first step in guiding the development of research-driven recommendations for all stakeholders on the use of screens by young children. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: The early years are critical for development. Most existing data on digital media and literacy practices in early childhood comes from Western cultures. Research in other cultures is needed to broaden our global understanding of children’s literacy and media environments. b. Novel Contributions: This study contributes data on the home literacy and screen media use practices of young children in Saudi Arabia, a population that is under-represented in the literature on children’s media use. c. Practical Implications: Findings from this study indicate high engagement with media and low engagement with reading among Saudi toddlers. Understanding children’s literacy and media use practices is an important first step in guiding the development of research-driven recommendations for parents and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"95 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1921819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42991613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"This picture does not portray reality: developing and testing a disclaimer for digitally enhanced pictures on social media appropriate for Austrian tweens and teens","authors":"Brigitte Naderer, Christina Peter, Kathrin Karsay","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1938619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1938619","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research has shown that idealized beauty presented in mass media can have a detrimental effect on body satisfaction, and these idealized images often stem from digital alterations. Consequently, countries like France and Israel employ disclaimers that inform viewers about the use of such modifications. Previous research, primarily conducted with adult women, has pointed out that these disclaimers are ineffective in reducing the perceived realism of the presented images, leading to negative effects on women’s body satisfaction. However, we know little about the effectiveness of such disclaimers for tweens and teens (TT). Using a two-study design, we firstly developed an adolescent-inspired disclaimer in two cocreation workshops with students (N = 47; aged 12–14 years). Secondly, we examined the effectiveness of this newly developed disclaimer in an experimental setting (N = 186; participants aged 10–19 years). We compared the new disclaimer to the existing one as well as to a condition in which there was no disclaimer. Results indicated that disclaimers are a rather unsuccessful way of disclosing the lack of realism of media images for TT, underlining the urgency of developing more effective media literacy measures. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Beauty ideals are shaped by media, but these are often set using digitally altered images. Some countries employ disclaimers that inform viewers about alterations. Previous research indicates that these disclaimers are not effective in balancing detrimental effects of unrealistic beauty ideals among adults. b.Novel Contributions: This study focuses on adolescents and considers image alterations on social media. In a cocreation workshop we developed a disclaimer with adolescents, which we employed in an experimental study. Results underline that disclaimers are rather unsuccessful in disclosing the lack of realism of media images. c. Practical Implications: Disclaimers are not a sufficient media literacy measure. Yet, as young audiences are so frequently confronted with altered and perfected images (particularly online), it seems crucial to educate them about these practices in specific media literacy programs.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"149 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1938619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43629033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moral clarity decreases as viewer age increases: a content analysis of the moral values and reinforcement cues depicted in popular U.S. children’s television","authors":"Lindsay S. Hahn","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1943475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1943475","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Evidence suggests that exposure to narrative media content emphasizing the importance of moral intuitions can increase the extent to which children value those intuitions. This is especially the case when intuition exemplars are accompanied by clear social desirability cues (i.e., moral acts are rewarded/performed by heroes or immoral acts are punished/performed by villains). Less is known about the effects of exposure to ambiguous social desirability cues (i.e., moral acts are punished/performed by villains or immoral acts are rewarded/performed by heroes). In order to investigate the extent to which popular media content may serve as an effective moral educator for young viewers, this paper describes a content analysis designed to examine the frequency and clarity of moral intuition exemplars in popular children’s television shows (N = 30). Results demonstrated that moral clarity in content decreased as viewer age increased. That is, content popular among older children (ages 6–17) featured more ambiguous social desirability cues compared to content popular among younger children (ages 2–5). Content across age groups also featured a preponderance of care and fairness intuition exemplars. Findings are interpreted in line with extant research on moral complexity and narrative entertainment. Practical implications are considered. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge Recent work has demonstrated that narrative media’s emphasis on moral intuitions can increase the importance audiences place on those intuitions. This work largely focuses on understanding the effects of moral exemplars that are clearly reinforced in narratives. b. Novel Contributions Using content analysis, the present study demonstrated that the clarity of narrative reinforcement cues decreases as the age group in which the content is popular increases. Specifically, moral exemplars in television shows popular among teens featured the most ambiguous reinforcement cues. c. Practical Implications For caregivers hoping to use media as a tool for inculcating certain moral values in children, these results suggest the importance of considering not only which moral values are exemplified in content, but also how clearly those values are reinforced.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"168 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1943475","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44359967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screen media for Arab and European children: policy and production encounters in the multiplatform era","authors":"K. Pike","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1942663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1942663","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"15 1","pages":"454 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1942663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45800384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of sources in violent news on fright and worry responses of children in the Netherlands","authors":"M. Kleemans, Lisa T. Janssen, D. Anschütz, M. Buijzen","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1927125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1927125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Children display fright and worry responses to violent news. Including involved children, non-involved children or experts as sources in children’s news is assumed to reduce these negative effects. However, exemplification theory gives reason to question whether particularly the use of involved children indeed has a reassuring effect. To test this, an experiment was conducted among 237 children (8–13 y/o). They were randomly exposed to a news video containing (1) involved children as source, (2) non-involved children, or (3) adult experts. Fright and worry responses were measured both before and after exposure. Results showed that the inclusion of involved children as a source significantly increased worry responses, but did not affect fright responses. Non-involved child sources significantly reduced fright and worry responses. Expert sources reduced children’s fright responses, but did not change feelings of worry. These insights can inform news producers on how to alleviate the effects of covering violent events in news. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Violent content in news induces negative responses in children. Producers of children’s news try to alleviate these effects by using involved children, non-involved children, or adult experts as sources in violent news stories. b. Novel Contributions: This study provides first empirical insights into the effects of involved children, non-involved children, and adult experts as sources in violent news stories on children’s fear and worry responses. It shows how to alleviate children’s negative emotional responses to news. c. Practical Implications: News producers are encouraged to use non-involved children or adult experts when presenting violent news to children. They should be careful with the inclusion of involved children as sources in news stories.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"134 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1927125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43142078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programming girlhood: digital labor and the twenty-first century girl coder in the United States","authors":"Brittney Knotts","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1923541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1923541","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There has been a marked rise in U.S. clubs and television programs promoting coding for young girls. These clubs and television shows position girls as either benefiting economically through the figure of the “can-do girl” or potentially failing as an “at-risk girl.” This article looks at two iterations of the girl coder – in Nickelodeon’s 2015 sitcom Game Shakers and in the rhetoric of Black Girl CODE and Girls Who Code – placing them within broader understandings of girlhood, economics, race, and labor. This analysis reveals the ways in which girl programmers become attached to racialized economic imaginings in these two instances either as idealized white child workers in the case of Game Shakers or future Black computer scientists within coding clubs. This positioning intimately ties girl programmers to economics, labor, and neoliberal ideals; however, this paper proposes that we need to imagine other possible goals for the girl programmer, particularly for Black and Brown girls. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Since 2010 there has been a push to get girls into computer coding with particular attention paid to the pipeline problem. This rhetoric has been both touted and questioned. b. Novel Contributions: This article adds a critical look at how Black and Brown girls are positioned within computer programming initiatives and discourses using two primary case studies. It then offers a non-future oriented way of considering computer coding for girls. c. Practical Implications: This project suggests that researchers must continue to pay attention to the nuances of raced neoliberal capitalism in studies on girl’s media even as initiatives are widely considered positive.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"117 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1923541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41953923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding the self through others: exploring fandom, identification, and self-concept clarity among U.S. adolescents","authors":"Leah Dajches","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1922474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1922474","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The primary developmental task of adolescence (12–18 years old) is identity development. During this time, adolescents individuate from their parents and may instead use media models for social guidance. Previous research has analyzed the impact of media figures on adolescents’ socialization but few have explored the influence of non-fiction media figures on their self-concept. As such, the present study examined of the role of fanship and identification on adolescent self-concept clarity. From a survey of 251 adolescents (ages 13–18), results showed that adolescents’ fanship intensity was negatively associated with their self-concept clarity. Further, identification did not moderate this association, but identification demonstrated a negative association with self-concept clarity. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Previous research shows that media fandom may impact peoples’ ideological beliefs and behaviors (e.g., gender roles, prosocial behavior, overcoming adversity). Moreover, research finds that fandom engagement may benefit marginalized communities. b. Novel Contributions: The current project contributes to the media entertainment and fan studies literatures with a novel exploration of fandom and fan identification in relation to adolescents’ self-concept clarity. Specifically, fanship intensity and identification were negatively associated with self-concept clarity. c. Practical Implications: Parents should be aware of their child’s fanship intensity surrounding their favorite non-fiction media figure because such engagement may negatively influence their self-concept, which might contribute to difficulties in establishing a cohesive identity.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"107 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1922474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43119404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"News videos consumption in an age of new media: a comparison between adolescents and adults","authors":"Hila Lowenstein-Barkai, A. Lev-on","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1915831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1915831","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Contemporary audiences have abundant access to news anywhere, anytime and through a wide range of media. Due to the short length of news items, they do not require prolonged attentional focus. Consequently, the genre is consequential for performing simultaneous activities, which are related (i.e. second screening) or unrelated (i.e. media multitasking) to the content of the news items. Despite the potential of second screen activities to increase the political participation of young people, and the fact that adolescents are heavy users of digital media, there is almost no data on the extent to which they perform such activities. Also, there are almost no comparative data about the rates of news video consumption of adolescents vs. adults. This descriptive study analyzes how adolescents and adults consume news video content in an era of second screens. For four consecutive days, subjects reported their viewing behaviors using a dedicated mobile application. Results demonstrate that adolescents consume significantly less news video content compared to adults; smartphones occupy a more prominent role in their news consumption behavior compared to adults; and they are significantly more involved in Second Screening activities. Implications of the findings for understanding adolescents’ contemporary media ecology are examined. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Young people are the primary age group that consumes news content mainly on digital platforms, and simultaneously performs multitasking and second screening activities. b. Novel Contributions: Adolescents’ consumption habits are significantly different from those of adults: they consume less news, the smartphone occupies a more prominent role in their news consumption behavior, and they are significantly more involved in second screening activities. c. Practical implications: The question of how adolescents consume news content has sparked significant interest of scholars and parents alike. As adolescents are in a developmental stage in which they socialize and acquire habits that will affect them later in life, an understanding of their media consumption habits can have significant consequences contemporarily, and possibly at later stages in their lives. The paper provides novel insights about adolescents’ news consumption patterns.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"78 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1915831","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41753696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relational dimensions in poor children’s decisions to obtain a mobile phone – the case of Singapore","authors":"E. Goh, L. Kuczynski","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1905675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1905675","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Children’s influence on the purchase of mobile phones, particularly among poor children, received little research attention. To study the dilemma children from poor home face between strong desire to be part of the media peer culture within the context of family’s financial distress, and hence, limited access to mobile phones, this paper utilized vignette as a tool to elicit children’s thoughts and considerations in whether to purchase mobile phones. Sixty children from families receiving government financial assistance were interviewed. Relational influence lens stemmed from social relations theory were sensitizing lens used to analyse children’s decision processes. Data analysis revealed three levels of themes in the way children interpreted and strategized their decision, namely: individualistic, dyadic relational and communal relational themes. The findings challenge the notion that immediate gratification dominates the decision-making frame of low-income people. Instead, poor children demonstrate sophisticated abilities to consider the needs at multiple levels of their ecological contexts. Evidence from this study supports the need for conceptual extension of theorizing children beyond individualistic agents but as relational agents in the relational and structural contexts in which they are embedded. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Summarize what is known about the topic. Early media research was guided by unidirectional models where mainly parental influence on children was considered. Such research treated parents as agents in media decisions in the family but considered children largely as recipients and outcomes of parental choices. b. Novel Contributions: Summarize the primary contributions the findings make to the field. This paper illustrates the novel lens of utilizing a relational perspective of the children’s agency which adds a nuanced understanding of the ways in which children in low-income contexts, navigate personal desires for mobile device and family needs. c. Practical Implications: The expression of the agency of children from low-income homes warrants researchers and practitioners’ attention because children actively contribute to family resilience and the well-being of family members.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"16 1","pages":"41 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1905675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45807246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online and offline victimisation: a cluster analysis of adolescent victims of bullying and cyber-bullying in Chile","authors":"Nico Trajtenberg, Matías Dodel, Olga Sánchez de Ribera, P. Cabello, Magdalena Claro","doi":"10.1080/17482798.2021.1902358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1902358","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bullying and cyberbullying victimisation are serious problems worldwide, especially among children and adolescents. However, there is much research on risk factors, the evidence about victim typologies that combine online and offline bullying with the specific nature of the victimisation episodes and other sociodemographic and individual features is still scarce. This study contributes by combining the poly-victim framework with the cyberbullying and online risk approaches. We used data from the Kids Online survey conducted in 2016 and analysed a national sample of 1,000 Internet users in Chile between 9 and 17 years old. The aim was to classify youth based on their cyber and traditional bullying experiences and examine the clusters’ features based on age, sex, socioeconomic status, technology use and skills, risky offline behaviours and well-being. A two-step cluster analysis identified three groups: poly-victims (23%), occasional digital victims (30%), and frequent offline victims (41%). These groups significantly differed by age, sex, Internet use, digital skills, risky offline behaviours and psychological characteristics. These results highlight the heterogeneity and complexity of both traditional and cyberbullying and the need to tailor interventions for diverse types of victims. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Bullying is a serious problem both in its traditional and cyber-forms. Both share commonalities and present divergences regarding risk factors and psychological consequences associated. Whereas they can be distinct types of victimisation, a significant percentage of victims suffer both. b. Novel Contributions: Frequent offline bullying, occasional digital victimisation, and poly-victimisation should be considered three victimisation forms. These three experiences differ significantly in their age and sex composition, Internet use, digital skills, risky offline behaviours and psychological characteristics. c. Practical Implications: Identification of victim groups is critical to developing a more tailored approach to support different victims and reduce various forms of harassment. Moreso, because the current impacts of bullying-prevention programs are relatively small.","PeriodicalId":46908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children and Media","volume":"15 1","pages":"568 - 587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17482798.2021.1902358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42820761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}