Yunji Hwang , Jonghan Park , Kevin H. Kim , Seung Hun Han
{"title":"Female CEOs in turbulent times: The effect of terrorist attacks on executive compensation","authors":"Yunji Hwang , Jonghan Park , Kevin H. Kim , Seung Hun Han","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how terrorist attacks affect female CEO compensation. Using terrorist attacks, as exogenous events, in the United States from 1992 to 2021, we find that firms located near terrorist attacks subsequently provide higher compensation to female CEOs than their male counterparts. This effect is more pronounced for female CEOs who serve as board chairs. Additionally, firms led by female CEOs experience lower stock volatility and earnings volatility. Overall, our findings suggest that given the heightened uncertainty firms face following the attacks, they have incentives to offer higher compensation to retain female executives, thereby ensuring leadership continuity and benefiting from female leadership during a crisis period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101198"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sovereign fiscal capacity, implicit subsidies, and bank value","authors":"Lucas N.C. Vasconcelos, Rafael Schiozer","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how fiscal constraints affect banks' market value in a cross-country sample, using exogenous variations in fiscal constraints based on abnormal military spending. Increased fiscal constraints arising from exogenous spending shocks can affect bank valuation through two different channels with opposing expected effects: spending shocks weaken governments' ability to stabilize the financial system during crises, resulting in lower bank valuation; however, when fiscal constraints are heightened because of positive sector-specific spending shocks (increased military expenditure), corporate earnings—particularly in sectors that are heavily dependent on government contracts—become more predictable, which subsequently reduces banks' earnings volatility, thereby increasing their valuation. We find that fiscal constraints negatively impact banks' valuation, which is consistent with the first channel (i.e., owing to the reduced proportion of banks' value composed by implicit or explicit governmental guarantees). In addition, bank resolution reforms adopted after the global financial crisis attenuate this relationship, but do not completely eliminate it. The sovereign–bank nexus remains relevant and concentrated in large banks. Our inferences provide insights in favor of strengthening bank resolution frameworks, to reduce banks' reliance on governmental funds and ensure bailouts occur only when welfare-enhancing. By limiting expectations of unconditional government support, these regulations may mitigate too-big-to-fail perceptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101197"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Walking quietly: Fiduciary waivers and blockholder exit","authors":"Pouyan Foroughi","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corporate opportunity waivers let directors pursue outside ventures, weakening the duty of loyalty that supports investor confidence. Exploiting staggered state adoptions of these statutes from 2000 to 2018, we examine how blockholders, the market’s main bulwark against self-dealing, react. Public governance signals barely change; support for management proposals slips by less than one percentage point, failed director elections fall, and friendly hedge fund activism fades. Once scrutiny shifts toward the potential outcomes of private monitoring, a strikingly different picture emerges, as larger firms experience more frequent departures of independent directors, activists who once cooperated with management adopt confrontational tactics, and long-horizon investors pare their stakes, especially where diversion prospects are very high, analyst coverage is extensive, and boards are larger. Loosening fiduciary standards, therefore, gradually weakens shareholder oversight, eroding a critical governance mechanism and placing long-term firm value at risk, despite initial market optimism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101196"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond the green facade: Evidence of a nonlinear link between greenwashing and financing efficiency","authors":"Morong Xu , Yaopeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the nonlinear relationship between corporate greenwashing and financing efficiency using panel data from Chinese listed firms between 2009 and 2023. We identify an inverted U-shaped relationship grounded in signaling theory and the peer effect perspective. At low levels, greenwashing allows firms to gain legitimacy by signaling environmental responsibility and encouraging peer imitation, thereby improving financing efficiency. However, as greenwashing intensifies, stakeholder skepticism increases, leading to higher financing costs and reduced efficiency. We also explore contextual factors that moderate this relationship. Media coverage amplifies stakeholder reactions to both credible and exaggerated environmental, social, and governance (ESG) claims, while board interlocks facilitate the spread of greenwashing practices and heighten reputational risks within corporate networks. Collectively, these elements reinforce the nonlinear connection between greenwashing and financing efficiency. The results highlight the complex dynamics linking greenwashing with financing conditions and demonstrate the contingent roles of media visibility and governance networks in shaping market perceptions of ESG behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101183"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Political turnover and related party transactions in Chinese state-owned enterprises","authors":"Mingfa Ding , Yikai Han , Mi Shen , Sandy Suardi","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the dual role of government involvement in Chinese firms, acting as both a “helping hand” and a “grabbing hand”, with a focus on state-owned enterprises (SOEs). We examine how political turnover influences related party transactions (RPTs), which may serve to prop up distressed firms or facilitate tunnelling at the expense of minority shareholders. We find that political turnover is associated with a significant decline in RPTs, a causal relationship supported by multiple analyses addressing endogeneity concerns. Further evidence suggests that SOEs reduce tunnelling when local governments face fiscal constraints and curb propping activities when firms are at risk of delisting or losing rights to issue new shares. The reduction in RPTs is more pronounced in firms with high initial RPTs, weak governance, or exposure to local corruption, and is amplified when new provincial leaders are outsiders. These findings suggest that political turnover acts as an external governance mechanism, disrupting entrenched rent-seeking practices and reshaping firm-level resource allocation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seeing is believing: Forecasting oil market returns with artificial intelligence-powered visual climate change perception","authors":"Dan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel framework for forecasting oil market returns by quantifying climate change perception based on visual media. A vision-language model processes 746,435 news images from <em>The New York Times</em> between May 2006 and December 2023 to construct the Visual Climate Change Perception Index (VCCP), along with two sub-indices. The VCCP exhibits significant predictive power for one-month-ahead WTI spot returns, outperforming text-based climate sentiment and macroeconomic benchmarks. The Physical Climate Impact Visual Index contributes to short-term return predictability, while the Transitional Climate Policy Visual Index captures longer-horizon dynamics. Out-of-sample analyses confirm the robustness and economic relevance of VCCP-based models, enhancing forecast accuracy and improving asset allocation performance. These findings underscore the role of emotionally salient visual cues in shaping market expectations and highlight the importance of multimodal climate signals in the pricing of high-carbon assets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101174"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonparametric identification of factors for the cross-section of Latin American stock returns","authors":"Simón Zuluaga-Rendón , Diego A. Agudelo","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Factor Investing, a widely recognized investment approach, remains relatively underexplored in Latin American stock markets. This study investigates the determinants of stock returns in Latin America employing the Group Adaptive Elastic Net within a nonparametric framework from 2000 to 2020. Initially assessing 34 widely recognized financial factors, our analysis identifies that a set of six factors captures most of the variance in cross-sectional returns in the proposed model: Volatility, Assets-to-Market ratio, Cash Flow to Price, Earnings to Price, Intermediate Momentum, and Turnover. Furthermore, an active Factor Investing strategy derived from this framework demonstrates substantial outperformance relative to a benchmark index in out-of-sample testing. Overall, we find evidence of short-term predictability of returns in Latin American stocks based on nonlinear and dynamic factor effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Watchdogs of greenwashing: The role of long-term institutional cross-ownership","authors":"Wenjing Yin, Gaomiao Wang, Yumiao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing number of institutional investors are showing interest in “green” firms, highlighting the increasing importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information. However, as the use of mainstream ESG data expands, the prevalence of greenwashing is also rising. This paper investigates how long-term institutional cross-ownership influences corporate responses to this critical stakeholder concern. We hypothesize that long-term institutional cross-ownership mitigates corporate greenwashing by enabling investors to acquire in-depth information and directly monitor firms in the context of systematic risk management. Our findings indicate that firms with long-term cross-ownership exhibit significantly lower levels of greenwashing. Supporting the information-gathering hypothesis, the effect is more pronounced in firms operating in hard-to-value industries. Supporting the direct monitoring hypothesis, the effect is less evident among firms subject to heightened external scrutiny. Overall, our study suggests that longer investment horizons lead institutional cross-owners to enhance the transparency of stakeholder-related activities, driven primarily by financial motivations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101177"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do ESG rating changes matter? Evidence from Chinese stock market","authors":"Dianhao Liu, Jun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investors will change their trading behavior in response to ESG rating changes, which in turn influence stock returns. In this paper, we examine the impact of ESG rating changes on stock returns in Chinese stock market. We find that ESG rating upgrades (downgrades) lead to higher (lower) short-term stock returns. A long-short portfolio constructed from upgraded firms versus downgraded firms generates monthly abnormal returns of 1.80 % on average. The main driver is institutional investors' buying (selling) shares of companies with upgraded (downgraded) ESG ratings. The disagreement about ESG rating changes can undermine this impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101180"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oguzhan Ozcelebi , Rim El Khoury , R. Gopinathan , Seong-Min Yoon
{"title":"Effects of domestic and foreign financial stress on stock returns in Asia-Pacific countries","authors":"Oguzhan Ozcelebi , Rim El Khoury , R. Gopinathan , Seong-Min Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs advanced quantile-based methodologies to investigate the effects of domestic and foreign financial stress on stock market performance across 10 Asia–Pacific countries. Using wavelet quantile correlation and multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression models, we analyze the nonlinear, asymmetric, and time–frequency-dependent relationships under varying market conditions. Results show that foreign financial stress exerts a more consistent and pronounced negative impact on stock returns, particularly in export-dependent economies such as Thailand and Korea. In contrast, the effects of domestic financial stress vary by country. Persistent negative impacts are observed in structurally weaker economies like the Philippines, whereas markets such as China, India, and Australia display adaptability, with correlations shifting to neutral or positive under certain conditions. These findings underscore the significant heterogeneity shaped by differences in economic structure, trade exposure, and financial market characteristics. By comparing the effects of both global and domestic financial stress, this study fills an important gap in the literature. The results provide actionable insights for policymakers working to strengthen financial stability and for investors pursuing effective portfolio diversification strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46907,"journal":{"name":"Global Finance Journal","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}