{"title":"Detecting accounting fraud in family firms: Evidence from machine learning approaches","authors":"Md Jahidur Rahman , Hongtao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The primary objective of this research is to detect accounting fraud in Chinese family firms through the utilization of imbalanced ensemble learning algorithms. It serves as the first endeavor to predict fraud in family firms using machine learning algorithms, thus addressing the gap in machine-learning modeling for family business research. The findings of this study demonstrate that the ensemble learning models exhibit superior effectiveness in identifying accounting fraud compared to the logistic regression approach. Moreover, the imbalanced ensemble learning classifiers outperform the conventional models. Significantly, among all the studied fraud classifiers, the CUSBoost classifier consistently attains the best overall performance. This research contributes to the field of accounting fraud detection in family firms by shifting the focus from conventional causal inference methods (such as regression) to machine-learning-based predictive techniques. Additionally, it extends existing literature on accounting fraud detection by emphasizing the issue of data imbalance in fraud datasets and demonstrating the superiority of imbalanced machine learning algorithms over conventional approaches in detecting accounting fraud.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 100722"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138713335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tone of narrative disclosures and earnings management: UK evidence","authors":"Tamer Elshandidy , Hany Kamel","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates whether a relationship exists between the tone of narrative disclosures and engagement in earnings management activities. Using FTSE all-share nonfinancial firms, our estimates show a significant association between the tone of narrative disclosure (measured by the percentage of positive words, negative words, and net tone) and the prevalence of earnings management. The results also suggest that manipulating firms, which represent extreme cases of earnings management, are more likely to use less negative tone to conceal their fraudulent practices. In contrast, non-manipulating firms tend to use more positive tone to mask their involvement in managing earnings. Additionally, the paper examines the market reaction to both earnings management and the tone of narrative disclosure. The findings reveal that earnings management and net tone are positively associated with abnormal market returns for non-manipulating firms, but have no significant association for manipulating firms. Overall, the paper highlights the important role of the tone of narrative disclosures in providing clarity to the numbers presented in annual reports.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 100710"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138439480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do competitive markets encourage tax aggressiveness?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate whether industry-level product market competition and firm-level market leadership affect firms' tax<span> aggressiveness. Studying competition from both current market participants and potential entrants, and using a market share-based measure of market leadership, we find that firms facing higher competition from current market participants engage in more tax aggressiveness. We further find that market-following firms — rather than market‑leading firms — engage in relatively more tax aggressiveness within these higher competition settings. Our results contrast with most political and regulatory anecdotes that target market‑leading firms for aggressive tax behaviors, and add to the ongoing policy debates on tax incidence. Our main findings and additional tests are consistent with the view that market‑leading firms in imperfectively competitive product markets are able to pass on tax costs to customers, while market-following firms in crowded industries are pressured to engage in tax aggressiveness because they cannot pass on tax costs.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100702"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Auditor's financial stress: An inconspicuous determinant of audit outcomes","authors":"Robert Felix , Amanda L. Wilford","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>The relation between personnel-related factors and office-level audit quality has not received much attention in the audit literature. To examine this further, we investigate the relationship between an auditor's financial stress and audit quality. We proxy financial stress with negative equity, when a home's market value is less than its mortgage, which is gathered from the real estate website Zillow from 2011 through 2017. More specifically, we aggregate the average values of negative equity for homes in the same city as our sample's audit offices. The results indicate that firms with auditor offices in areas with higher levels of negative equity experience higher levels of audit failure. Our results are robust when we control for median </span>accountant salary and foreclosure rates in areas surrounding the home audit office. Overall, our findings provide important initial evidence on a potential relation between auditor-level financial stress and audit quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134995537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Independent analyst research: Does it matter who pays?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>On April 28, 2003, ten of the largest investment banks reached an agreement with the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory bodies regarding alleged misconduct of security analysts. This agreement, called the Global Research Analyst Settlement, allocated $460 million to source independent analyst research. Unlike other forms of analyst research, this research was not financed through investment banking or trading commissions and was theoretically “unbiased research”. We compare independent research funded by the Global Settlement to research provided by the same firms that was not funded by the Global Settlement. Research funded by the Global Settlement appears to be of lower quality than non-funded research produced by the same set of firms, suggesting that unbiased research does not necessarily generate higher quality research. More specifically, we find that quality declined in the later years of the Global Settlement period when there was no expectation of future funding for this research, commonly referred to as the horizon effect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134914695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussion of the impact of online tax community advice on individual taxpayer decision-making","authors":"Govind S. Iyer","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100699","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 100699"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50185965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The BP oil spill and income classification shifting of oil and gas companies","authors":"Michael Lacina , Shanshan Pan , Steve Garner","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Literature has documented income classification shifting to <em>increase</em> core earnings. There has been little research on whether firms reduce income increasing classification shifting or classification shift to <em>reduce</em> core earnings - classify non-core items as core expenses. Also, research on classification shifting under non-market incentives is limited. We fill these gaps by examining the shifting behavior of oil and gas firms in response to the BP oil spill. The oil spill was an unexpected event that led to regulations and restrictions, as well as adverse publicity. This could have encouraged petroleum firms to suppress core earnings. We show that after the oil spill, (1) the likelihood of petroleum firms' classification shifting to inflate core earnings declines relative to other firms and (2) the likelihood of petroleum companies' shifting to report lower core earnings increases relative to other firms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100696"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Financial reporting consequences of CEOs' early-life exposure to disasters and violent crime","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the behavior of chief executive officers (CEOs) enables investors, regulators, and others to better appreciate CEOs' corporate decisions. Among the many aspects that determine CEO behavior are early-life experiences, we examine whether a CEO's exposure to two important events—fatal natural disasters and violent crime—during the individual's formative years is associated with the firm's financial reporting outcomes. We argue that a CEO with early life exposure to fatal natural disasters and violent crime may be over-confident when dealing with risk and is more likely to make riskier decisions. However, this relationship becomes negative when the exposure reaches a certain level, consistent with the CEO becoming risk-averse when making business decisions (<span><span>Bernile, Bhagwat, & Rau, 2017</span></span>). Consistently, we report evidence of a U-shaped association between financial reporting quality and both types of early-life exposures. In addition, we find that the link between a CEO's early-life exposures and financial reporting quality is more pronounced in firms with greater incentives to manage earnings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100698"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135388050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussion of the BP oil spill and income classification shifting of oil and gas companies","authors":"Jennifer Echols Edmonds","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100697","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100697"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The concerns of linking IRS tax disclosures to financial statements on analysts' effective tax rate forecasts","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2023.100687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the effect of uncertain tax<span> position (UTP) disclosures on analysts' effective tax rate (ETR) forecasts. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires that firms provide detailed information about UTPs reported in their annual 10-K filings on their Schedule UTP form. Schedule UTP applies to federal tax positions for which a corresponding tax reserve has been created for financial reporting purposes. Academics and practitioners have deliberated whether Schedule UTP disclosures could lead to firms altering how they account for their unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs) in financial statements. Overall, we find that UTB additions were originally useful to analysts in forecasting ETRs but became less useful after the implementation of the Schedule UTP form, as it likely reduced the usefulness of information for financial statement users. Our findings contribute to the debate regarding the extent of tax policy overlapping with the generally accepted accounting principles of financial reporting. Following up on a 2018 Treasury Department study that recommended more disclosure on Schedule UTP, the IRS, in December of 2022, finalized additional disclosure requirements to Schedule UTP, These new requirements may further incentivize firms to alter UTB reporting in their financial statements.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 100687"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135346917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}