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The poverty of postmodernist constructivism: And a case for naturalism out of Hume, Darwin, and Wittgenstein 后现代主义建构主义的贫困：从休谟、达尔文和维特根斯坦论证自然主义
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12705
Ariel Peckel
{"title":"The poverty of postmodernist constructivism: And a case for naturalism out of Hume, Darwin, and Wittgenstein","authors":"Ariel Peckel","doi":"10.1111/meta.12705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/meta.12705","url":null,"abstract":"This essay develops a naturalist framework based on Hume, Darwin, and Wittgenstein against postmodernist constructivism. That framework claims universal features of human biology, cognition, and behavior to explain our cultural histories, running contrary to two core constructivist doctrines of postmodernist scholarship: <jats:italic>mutual opacity</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>epistemic violence</jats:italic>. Mutual opacity posits the incommensurability of systems rooted in differing contexts, cultures, and group identities, while epistemic violence morally impugns the extension of the knowledge claims of any such system beyond its strictly localized boundaries. This is the extension that universalist approaches, like naturalism, are recriminated against owing to their claims to discover encompassing standpoint‐independent and transcultural features of human constitution and modes of life. Comparative evaluation of these approaches exposes the failure of postmodernist constructivism to explain parallel practices, conventions, and institutions across human cultural histories, which universalist naturalism succeeds at, while moreover revealing how this failure undermines its agendas of social justice.","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Virtuous leadership: Ambiguities, challenges, and precedents 美德领导：模糊性、挑战和先例
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12704
John Haldane
{"title":"Virtuous leadership: Ambiguities, challenges, and precedents","authors":"John Haldane","doi":"10.1111/meta.12704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/meta.12704","url":null,"abstract":"Virtuous leadership is the focus of a growing body of academic literature but is little discussed by contemporary philosophers. Current treatments tend to over‐generalisation: assimilating diverse features to a few broad categories and applying simplified ethical theories. This essay argues that virtue and character education need to be keyed to specific activities, that “virtuous leadership” is in danger of being confused with extrinsic activism, and that the history of ethics in health care provides an instructive example of thinking ethically about practice. Questions commonly posed in the literature—What specific virtues are required for leadership? How may <jats:italic>these</jats:italic> be formed?—are unduly simple and often rest on faulty assumptions about the nature of leadership and of the structure of virtuous action. Philosophers engaged in advising professionals about the virtues of leadership would do well to consider how the relevant points apply to their own practice.","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The practical turn in philosophy: A revival of the ancient art of living through modern philosophical practice 哲学的实践转向通过现代哲学实践复兴古老的生活艺术
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12702
Xiaojun Ding, Peter Harteloh, Tianqun Pan, Feng Yu
{"title":"The practical turn in philosophy: A revival of the ancient art of living through modern philosophical practice","authors":"Xiaojun Ding, Peter Harteloh, Tianqun Pan, Feng Yu","doi":"10.1111/meta.12702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/meta.12702","url":null,"abstract":"Philosophical practice, an art of living rooted in ancient traditions, is enriched by modern techniques such as individual counseling, Socratic group dialogues, and organizational consulting. Philosophical counseling, a key aspect of this practice, employs traditional philosophical frameworks and rational reasoning to address clients' concerns, distinguishing itself from psychotherapy while respecting individual autonomy. The growing Western interest in Asian philosophies also underscores a shared pursuit of wisdom, spirituality, and meaning. This paper examines the development, key features, and leading proponents of philosophical practice, its relationship with academic philosophy, and the tensions between their differing aims and methods. The outlook for philosophical counseling is promising, offering an alternative to medical approaches for existential issues and expanding its scope to personal guidance, conflict resolution, and life‐skill development. Its future trajectory hinges on societal trends toward secularization, the de‐medicalization of mental health, and the increasing recognition of philosophy's intrinsic practical value.","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Philosophical research in Brazil: A structural topic modeling approach with a focus on temporal and gender trends 巴西的哲学研究：以时间和性别趋势为重点的结构性主题建模方法
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12700
Marcos Fanton, Hugo Ribeiro Mota, Carolina de Melo Bomfim Araújo, Mitieli Seixas da Silva, Raquel Canuto
{"title":"Philosophical research in Brazil: A structural topic modeling approach with a focus on temporal and gender trends","authors":"Marcos Fanton,&nbsp;Hugo Ribeiro Mota,&nbsp;Carolina de Melo Bomfim Araújo,&nbsp;Mitieli Seixas da Silva,&nbsp;Raquel Canuto","doi":"10.1111/meta.12700","DOIUrl":"10.1111/meta.12700","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper employs structural topic modeling (STM) to describe the academic philosophy landscape in Brazil. Based on a public national database, a corpus consisting of 12,515 abstracts of monographs defended in philosophy graduate programs between 1991 and 2021 was compiled. The final STM model identified 74 meaningful research topics, clustered into 7 thematic categories. This study discusses the prevalence of the most significant topics and categories, their trends across three decades, and their (positive or negative) association with the supervisor's gender. Results show the first empirical evidence that Brazilian philosophical research exhibits a greater focus on philosophers than on specific themes or problems. Moreover, by visualizing the variations in topic prevalence over time, it was possible to track the rise or decline of the major interest categories and topics. Finally, results also show which topics are more influenced or less influenced by gender.</p>","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141778911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The logical structure of modular semantic theories of software systems 软件系统模块化语义理论的逻辑结构
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12701
Nicola Angius, Petros Stefaneas
{"title":"The logical structure of modular semantic theories of software systems","authors":"Nicola Angius,&nbsp;Petros Stefaneas","doi":"10.1111/meta.12701","DOIUrl":"10.1111/meta.12701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper studies the structure of semantic theories over modular computational systems and applies the algebraic <i>Theory of Institutions</i> to provide a logical representation of such theories. A modular semantic theory is here defined by a cluster of semantic theories, each for a single program's module, and by a set of relations connecting models of different semantic theories. A semantic theory of a single module is provided in terms of the set of <i>∑-models</i> mapped from the category <b>Th</b> of <i>∑-theories</i> and generating a hierarchy of structures from an abstract model to a concrete model of data. The collection of abstract models representing different modules of a program is formalised as the category of institutions <b>INS,</b> where theory morphisms express refinements, integrations, and compositions between couples of modules. Finally, it is required that a morphism in <b>INS</b> at any level occurs iff the same morphism occurs at the lower level alongside the <b>Th</b> hierarchy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beyond gatekeeping: Philosophical sources, Indigenous philosophy, and the Huarochirí Manuscript 超越把关：哲学来源、土著哲学和《瓦罗奇里手稿
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12695
Jorge Sanchez-Perez
{"title":"Beyond gatekeeping: Philosophical sources, Indigenous philosophy, and the Huarochirí Manuscript","authors":"Jorge Sanchez-Perez","doi":"10.1111/meta.12695","DOIUrl":"10.1111/meta.12695","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper argues for a broad definition of philosophical sources and how Indigenous traditional knowledge fits that definition. It concludes by showing how, following the previous two points, an Indigenous document such as the Huarochirí Manuscript can be considered a philosophical source by academic philosophers. The paper has three sections: the first deals with the methodological point of addressing what can be considered as philosophy. This section presents a conversational approach to philosophy. This approach, although broad, properly captures the practices of inquiring about philosophical issues as is commonly done in Western academic circles, but without excluding the practices of non-Western cultures from being labelled as philosophical. The second section argues for the analytical distinction between a philosophical source, a philosophical text, and a philosophical insight. It shows that what makes a philosophical source such are the philosophical insights that it can provide. The final section shows how the Huarochirí Manuscript has merits making it worthy of being considered a philosophical source and thus a relevant academic source for those working in the field of philosophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/meta.12695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aristotle's tyche (τύχη) and contemporary debates about luck 亚里士多德的 tyche (τύχη) 和当代关于运气的辩论
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12699
Louis Groarke
{"title":"Aristotle's tyche (τύχη) and contemporary debates about luck","authors":"Louis Groarke","doi":"10.1111/meta.12699","DOIUrl":"10.1111/meta.12699","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes an interpretation of Aristotle's understanding of tyche (τύχη), a Greek term that can be alternatively translated as luck, fortune, or fate. The paper disentangles various threads of argument in the primary sources to argue for a realist understanding of what we moderns call “luck.” In short, it contends that Aristotle's account of these issues is mostly correct and merits close attention when canvassing recent philosophical debates about luckology. Aristotle argues that science pertains to the general rule; it is not about the particular. Particular events have contingent content that exceeds the scope of science. Even if we could predict all future events with ultimate accuracy, we would still be left wondering why good or bad things happen to specific people. Although luck is not a scientific category, it has an existential reality that leaves momentous events open to metaphysical and even religious interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/meta.12699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Methodologies and communities in comparative philosophy 比较哲学的方法论和社群
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12698
Stephen C. Angle
{"title":"Methodologies and communities in comparative philosophy","authors":"Stephen C. Angle","doi":"10.1111/meta.12698","DOIUrl":"10.1111/meta.12698","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is considerable disagreement and even confusion over what forms of border-crossing philosophizing are most appropriate to our times. Are comparative, cross-cultural, intercultural, blended, and fusion philosophy all the same thing? Some critics find what they call “comparative philosophy” to be moribund or problematically colonialist; others assert that projects like “fusion philosophy” are intellectually irresponsible and colonialist in their own way. Can we nonetheless identify a distinctive project of comparative philosophy and say why it is important? Based on a broad survey of approaches, this essay offers schematic answers to these questions, clarifies some persistent confusions, and stresses the constitutive gamble that lies at the heart of all comparative philosophy. There are several different ways to do comparative philosophy well; which method to employ depends on the values that motivate and the pragmatic situation that frames one's inquiry, and on the ways in which one or more communities receive and respond to one's contribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“Another Logic is known”: Benedetto Croce's assessment of “Indian Logic” "已知的另一种逻辑"：贝内代托-克罗齐对 "印度逻辑 "的评价
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12694
Lorenzo Leonardo Pizzichemi
{"title":"“Another Logic is known”: Benedetto Croce's assessment of “Indian Logic”","authors":"Lorenzo Leonardo Pizzichemi","doi":"10.1111/meta.12694","DOIUrl":"10.1111/meta.12694","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay aims to shed new light on the theoretical pertinence of classical Indian logic and epistemology in Benedetto Croce's criticism of Western Aristotelian and modern logic. As a matter of fact, Croce gave a positive and extraordinarily enterprising evaluation of “Indian Logic” in his review of Hermann Jacobi's <i>Indische Logik</i> (1905) and in his book <i>Logic as the Science of the Pure Concept</i> (1996 [1909]). Yet Croce's significant and considerable evaluation of “Indian Logic” has remained neglected until today. This essay tries to clear the field of some prejudices that misled scholarly research on Croce and Indian philosophy, and it glosses in detail the “neglected” judgment on “Indian Logic” in Croce's <i>Logic</i>. In doing so, it critically discusses some epistemological questions starting from Croce's philosophy, such as the character of “natural induction,” the relationship between language and thought, and the connection between historical languages and logical forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/meta.12694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Naturalizing skepticism 怀疑论的自然化
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
METAPHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12696
Marc Jiménez-Rolland
{"title":"Naturalizing skepticism","authors":"Marc Jiménez-Rolland","doi":"10.1111/meta.12696","DOIUrl":"10.1111/meta.12696","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Naturalism, construed as the idea that philosophy should be continuous with science, is a highly influential view. Its consequences for epistemology, however, are rather odd. Many believe that naturalized epistemology allows eschewing traditional skeptical challenges. This is often seen as an advantage; but it also calls into question its claim of belonging to the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. This paper argues that skeptical challenges can be stated to defy epistemic optimism within naturalized epistemology, and that there are distinctively naturalistic forms of skepticism. To that end, it outlines some assumptions underlying many attempts to naturalize epistemology. It contrasts these approaches to traditional epistemology and identifies the reasons offered by naturalistic epistemologists to dismiss traditional skeptical challenges. Next, it argues that the problem of skepticism can be sensibly stated within a naturalistic setting. Finally, it contends that there are distinctively naturalistic strategies to argue for skepticism and diagnoses the prospects of naturalism vis-à-vis these kinds of skeptical challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":46874,"journal":{"name":"METAPHILOSOPHY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/meta.12696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141587347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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