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Japan and the World Economy最新文献

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Population aging and labor mobility in Japan 日本人口老龄化与劳动力流动
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101130
Ryuta Ray Kato
{"title":"Population aging and labor mobility in Japan","authors":"Ryuta Ray Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>By combining the static and dynamic computable general equilibrium models, this paper explores the dynamic impact of future demographic changes on the Japanese economy with a particular focus on multisector production and overlapping generations. Several numerical results were obtained. First of all, the sectoral real GDPs of the aging-related sectors are expected to continue to increase due to the higher demand generated by the elderly, while the total real GDP is forecasted to start to decrease from year 2036 due to the shrinking population. Secondly, calculations show that nearly 60 million more workers will be needed in the private long-term care sector in year 2049 than in year 2018. Thirdly, if a 90 percent inflow of additionally needed labor force to the medical services sector were to be obstructed, the total real GDP would shrink by 0.064 percent. If the same inflow obstruction were to occur to the private long-term care sector, the total real GDP would shrink by 0.030 percent. Fourthly, while a negative impact of the inelastic </span>labor mobility was seen in almost all simulations, the impact of an obstruction in the medical service sector was found to be positive for the pharmaceutical sector due to substitution effect. Finally, the inelastic labor mobility will not only reduce the Japanese economic performance but also welfare, the extent of which depends on the duration of labor immobility. Thus, it is crucial for future economic growth as well as welfare of aging Japan that the additionally needed labor inflow to all aging-related sectors occurs smoothly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41366401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Comparison of the price adjustment program and subsidy scheme in Japan: Evaluation of domestic sugar support policy to internalize positive externalities 日本价格调整方案与补贴方案之比较:国内食糖支持政策内部化正外部性之评价
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101118
Takashi Fujimoto , Masahide Watanabe
{"title":"Comparison of the price adjustment program and subsidy scheme in Japan: Evaluation of domestic sugar support policy to internalize positive externalities","authors":"Takashi Fujimoto ,&nbsp;Masahide Watanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fiscally constrained governments prefer imposing tariffs instead of providing subsidies, despite tariffs distorting markets more than subsidies. Japan’s price adjustment program is designed to support the domestic sugar industry by imposing a tariff on imports and by subsidizing domestic production using tariff revenues. This study compared the program and a subsidy scheme using benefit/cost ratios and the degree of trade distortion. The main findings and their policy implications are as follows: 1) because the benefit/cost ratio for the program is greater than one, the program would be beneficial for Japanese people, 2) the ratios and trade distortions for the two policies are similar, thus the program works well when fiscal spending is constrained, as it requires less government spending, 3) using tariffs instead of the other two policies results in a smaller benefit/cost ratio and greater market distortion, 4) people are uncertain about their preference for the program, making them more accepting of it.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41897251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Estimating the elasticity of taxable income: Evidence from top Japanese taxpayers 估计应税收入的弹性:来自日本顶级纳税人的证据
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101116
Takeshi Miyazaki , Ryo Ishida
{"title":"Estimating the elasticity of taxable income: Evidence from top Japanese taxpayers","authors":"Takeshi Miyazaki ,&nbsp;Ryo Ishida","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This study aims to estimate the elasticity of taxable income (ETI) with regard to the net-of-tax rate, precisely in terms of potential for the margin arising from the behavioral response. We use panel data from top Japanese taxpayers in Tokyo during 1986–1989 and focus on the tax policy changes caused by the 1987–1989 comprehensive tax reform, which substantially reduced the top </span>marginal tax rates. It is found that the ETI with regard to the net-of-tax rate is approximately 0.158–0.226, considerably lower than those for the United States and many European countries. One possible reason for the small ETI estimates is the absence of the behavioral response in terms of choice of deductions in this study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136517137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
What drives the regional disparities in municipal national health insurance premiums? 是什么导致了城市医保保费的地区差异?
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101117
Ruka Kurono
{"title":"What drives the regional disparities in municipal national health insurance premiums?","authors":"Ruka Kurono","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There are large disparities in premium level among the Municipal National Health Insurance (NHI) programs in Japan. As municipalities have discretion when setting the NHI premiums, they may determine their premiums observing how large or small the premiums of their neighbors are. This study examined how such reference behavior affects the NHI premium level and to what extent it explains the premium disparities. The results revealed that there was positive reference behavior among neighboring insurers which explains 7.2% of the NHI premium disparity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41506756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluating Japan's corporate income tax reform using firm-specific effective tax rates 用企业特定有效税率评价日本企业所得税改革
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101115
Toshiyuki Uemura
{"title":"Evaluating Japan's corporate income tax reform using firm-specific effective tax rates","authors":"Toshiyuki Uemura","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This study evaluates Japan's corporate tax<span><span> reforms in the 2010 s by estimating the effective average tax rate (EATR) and effective </span>marginal tax rate (EMTR), common methods for international comparisons, using data on Japanese firms. Japan lowered its statutory tax rate while it expanded the </span></span>tax base<span>. This study analyzes the differing effects of the tax rate reduction and depreciation method reform by conducting simulations to represent the effects of each reform on the EATR and EMTR. Japan's tax reform in the 2010 s reduced both EATR and EMTR by lowering tax rates. The reform of depreciation methods had little effect on EATR and raised EMTR, but had a limited effect on companies with eligible depreciable assets. The overall effect of the corporate income tax reform is that the effect of the tax rate reduction exceeded that of the depreciation method reforms, and thus the EMTR also declined.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49064333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Erratum to “Effects of deductions on the tax burden reduction and the redistribution of the income and resident taxes” [Jpn. World Econ. 60 (2021) 101104] “扣除对减轻税负及所得税和居民税再分配的影响”的勘误[日本]。世界经济。60 (2021)101104 [j]
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101113
Taro Ohno , Junpei Sakamaki , Daizo Kojima , Tomotsugu Imahori
{"title":"Erratum to “Effects of deductions on the tax burden reduction and the redistribution of the income and resident taxes” [Jpn. World Econ. 60 (2021) 101104]","authors":"Taro Ohno ,&nbsp;Junpei Sakamaki ,&nbsp;Daizo Kojima ,&nbsp;Tomotsugu Imahori","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092214252100058X/pdfft?md5=c12bed90e4aa975585348653c089a0b3&pid=1-s2.0-S092214252100058X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44272429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Economic de-integration in North America and foreign direct investment from Japan 北美的经济解体和日本的外国直接投资
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101114
Nobuhiro Hosoe
{"title":"Economic de-integration in North America and foreign direct investment from Japan","authors":"Nobuhiro Hosoe","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate, from the perspective of the auto industry<span><span>, the impact of US steel and aluminum tariffs and the resumption of auto tariffs under the revised North American Free Trade<span> Agreement, on trade in North America and foreign direct investment (FDI) from Japan. The results of our policy simulation analyses with a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model are as follows. Canada and Mexico, being alternative trade partners with the US and other countries, would benefit from US steel and aluminum tariffs. Due to the auto tariffs on intra-North America exports, Canada and Mexico would lose a large part of their </span></span>windfall benefits from US steel and aluminum tariffs. Japan’s FDI in Canada and Mexico would fall sharply. As the de-integration of North American economies proceeded, Japan would increase its auto production and exports. The negative impact on Japan’s welfare, largely the result of US steel and aluminum tariffs, would be neutralized by the US abolition of tariffs on Japanese auto exports.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43925776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Determinants of VAT pass-through under imperfect competition: Evidence from Japan 不完全竞争下增值税转移的决定因素:来自日本的证据
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101120
Kosuke Shiraishi
{"title":"Determinants of VAT pass-through under imperfect competition: Evidence from Japan","authors":"Kosuke Shiraishi","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study empirically explores value-added tax (VAT) pass-through using unique point-of-sales (POS) data at supermarkets and drugstores in Japan. The VAT increase in 2014 covers almost all goods and services, with the same increase rate of 3%. Conventional wisdom assumes that all goods and services experience a 3% price increase from full-shifting. I show that the price changes in the month the VAT was increased are diversified, that is, the tax incidences are not uniform. The model estimations indicate that market conditions, such as elasticity and market concentration, determine the extent of tax shifting in accordance with theoretical assumptions. The effectiveness of the imperfect market approach is demonstrated. The evidence from this study implies that distributional equity cannot be attained through rate differentiation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0922142522000068/pdfft?md5=19478d4f723d9edce20226a035942289&pid=1-s2.0-S0922142522000068-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42007749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Comparison of the productivity of public capital by project type: Central-government, subsidized-local, and unsubsidized-local projects in Japan 按项目类型划分的公共资本生产率比较:日本中央政府、补贴地方和不补贴地方项目
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101119
Keigo Kameda, Zhenkun Lu, Masaki Fukui
{"title":"Comparison of the productivity of public capital by project type: Central-government, subsidized-local, and unsubsidized-local projects in Japan","authors":"Keigo Kameda,&nbsp;Zhenkun Lu,&nbsp;Masaki Fukui","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using a panel of Japanese regional data from 1960 to 2003, we estimated the production effect of public capital formed through three types of government projects: (1) projects directly implemented by the central government (central-government projects), (2) projects that are implemented by local governments but induced through subsidies by the central government (subsidized-local projects), and (3) projects that are implemented by local governments without central subsidies (unsubsidized-local projects). The results showed that the unsubsidized-local projects were the most productive among the three types. In addition, the subsidized-local projects were found to be the least productive, being less effective than the central projects. This may suggest the existence of inefficiency factors that central subsidization for local projects entails under the Japanese system of intergovernmental transfers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47932007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Propagation of economic shocks through vertical and trade linkages in Korea: An empirical analysis 韩国纵向和贸易联系对经济冲击传播的实证分析
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Japan and the World Economy Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101103
Dongyeol Lee
{"title":"Propagation of economic shocks through vertical and trade linkages in Korea: An empirical analysis","authors":"Dongyeol Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last two decades, manufacturing industries in Korea have become more concentrated, and interconnectedness across industries and across country borders has risen via vertical relationships and trade linkages. Using the industry-level international input–output data, this paper investigates the propagation of economic shocks in such a highly concentrated and interconnected structure, focusing on the role of vertical and trade linkages. The results establish that, first, the role of vertical and trade linkages in propagating economic shocks originated from both domestic sources and external sources is important. Second, the productivity impacts of a few key sources of economic shocks are relatively sizable. These findings highlight that economic shocks in a few key industries and/or major trading partners that are transmitted through vertical and trade linkages can lead to large swings in the overall economy. This paper contributes to the understanding of the potential interactions between the industrial structure and economic growth/stability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46744,"journal":{"name":"Japan and the World Economy","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45607311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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