{"title":"Germline Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Breast Cancer Patients with High Genetic Risk in Turkish Population.","authors":"Caglayan Geredeli, Nurgul Yasar, Abdullah Sakin","doi":"10.1155/2019/9645147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9645147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The guidelines recommend considering the BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in female patients with breast carcinomas. In this retrospective study, the BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence in high-risk breast carcinoma patients in a Turkish population was investigated.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In high genetic risk breast carcinoma patients, the BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations were identified by applying next-generation sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed BRCA1/2 mutations in 19% of the total patients. In those with first-degree relatives with breast carcinoma histories, the BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence was also 19%. In the patients younger than 40 years old, the BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence was 19.5%. In the triple-negative breast carcinoma patients younger than 60 years old, the BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence was 24.2%. In the patients younger than 40 years old with triple-negative breast carcinomas, BRCA1/2 mutation positivity was found in 37.5% of the patients. Overall, in the Turkish population, the BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence ranges from 19% to 37% in patients with high-risk breast carcinomas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is recommended to check for BRCA1/2 mutations in all high-risk breast carcinoma patients in the Turkish population.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/9645147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36923936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleanor E R Harris, Jennifer De Los Santos, Virginia F Borges, Stephen R Grobmyer
{"title":"Innovations in Personalized and Targeted Therapies for Breast Cancer.","authors":"Eleanor E R Harris, Jennifer De Los Santos, Virginia F Borges, Stephen R Grobmyer","doi":"10.1155/2018/5409846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5409846","url":null,"abstract":"1University Hospitals Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA 2Grandview Cancer Center, 3670 Grandview Pkwy. Ste. 100, Birmingham, AL 35243, USA 3Deputy Division Head, Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Director, Breast Cancer Research Program, 13001 E. 17th Pl., Aurora, CO 80045, USA 4Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A81, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/5409846","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36817325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley J Schlafstein, Allison E Withers, Soumon Rudra, Diana Danelia, Jeffrey M Switchenko, Donna Mister, Saul Harari, Hui Zhang, Waaqo Daddacha, Shahrzad Ehdaivand, Xiaoxian Li, Mylin A Torres, David S Yu
{"title":"CDK9 Expression Shows Role as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Breast Cancer Patients Who Fail to Achieve Pathologic Complete Response after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.","authors":"Ashley J Schlafstein, Allison E Withers, Soumon Rudra, Diana Danelia, Jeffrey M Switchenko, Donna Mister, Saul Harari, Hui Zhang, Waaqo Daddacha, Shahrzad Ehdaivand, Xiaoxian Li, Mylin A Torres, David S Yu","doi":"10.1155/2018/6945129","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/6945129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Failure to achieve pathologic complete response is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). However, prognostic biomarkers for clinical outcome are unclear in this patient population. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is often dysregulated in breast cancer, and its deficiency results in genomic instability. We reviewed the records of 84 breast cancer patients from Emory University's Winship Cancer Institute who had undergone surgical resection after NACT and had tissue available for tissue microarray analysis (TMA). Data recorded included disease presentation, treatment, pathologic response, overall survival (OS), locoregional recurrence free survival (LRRFS), distant-failure free survival (DFFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and event-free survival (EFS). Immunohistochemistry was performed on patient samples to determine CDK9 expression levels after NACT. Protein expression was linked with clinical data to determine significance. In a Cox proportional hazards model, using a time-dependent covariate to evaluate the risk of death between groups beyond 3 years, high CDK9 expression was significantly associated with an increase in OS (HR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.07-0.98, p=0.046). However, Kaplan-Meier curves for OS, LRRFS, DFFS, RFS, and EFS did not reach statistical significance. The results of this study indicate that CDK9 may have a potential role as a prognostic biomarker in patients with breast cancer following NACT. However, further validation studies with increased sample sizes are needed to help elucidate the prognostic role for CDK9 in the management of these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6204190/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36657909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason H Winnike, Delisha A Stewart, Wimal W Pathmasiri, Susan L McRitchie, Susan J Sumner
{"title":"Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomic Differences between Hormone-Responsive and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines.","authors":"Jason H Winnike, Delisha A Stewart, Wimal W Pathmasiri, Susan L McRitchie, Susan J Sumner","doi":"10.1155/2018/2063540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2063540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To conduct an exploratory study to identify mechanisms that differentiate Luminal A (BT474 and MCF-7) and triple-negative (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) breast cancer (BCa) cell lines to potentially provide novel therapeutic targets based on differences in energy utilization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cells were cultured in media containing either [U-<sup>13</sup>C]-glucose or [U-<sup>13</sup>C]-glutamine for 48 hours. Conditioned media and cellular extracts were analyzed by <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MCF-7 cells consumed the most glucose, producing the most lactate, demonstrating the greatest Warburg effect-associated energy utilization. BT474 cells had the highest tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) activity. The majority of energy utilization patterns in MCF-7 cells were more similar to MDA-MB-468 cells, while the patterns for BT474 cells were more similar to MDA-MB-231 cells. Compared to the Luminal A cell lines, TNBC cell lines consumed more glutamine and less glucose. BT474 and MDA-MB-468 cells produced high amounts of <sup>13</sup>C-glycine from media [U-<sup>13</sup>C]-glucose which was integrated into glutathione, indicating <i>de novo</i> synthesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Stable isotopic resolved metabolomics using <sup>13</sup>C substrates provided mechanistic information about energy utilization that was difficult to interpret using <sup>1</sup>H data alone. Overall, cell lines that have different hormone receptor status have different energy utilization requirements, even if they are classified by the same clinical BCa subtype; and these differences offer clues about optimizing treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2063540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36609653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M D Dairo, D B Adamu, Y A Onimode, A Ntekim, O Ayeni
{"title":"Characteristics and Determinants of Patients Discontinuation of Breast Cancer Follow-Up Care at the Radiation Oncology Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.","authors":"M D Dairo, D B Adamu, Y A Onimode, A Ntekim, O Ayeni","doi":"10.1155/2018/1597964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1597964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics and predictors of discontinuation during follow-up care among breast cancer patients at the Radiation Oncology Department, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 504 patients with histological diagnosis of breast cancer referred for radiotherapy to the breast or chest wall. Data extraction form was used to obtain information on sociodemographic and disease related variables and time to discontinuation of care. Discontinuation rates and its predictors were estimated using Kaplan-Meier, Log rank test, and Cox's regression method of analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five hundred and four breast cancer patients were studied. The mean age was 47.7years, 58.2% presented late with advanced stage disease, and 40% and 39% had metastasis and anaemia, respectively. Seventy-seven percent of patients discontinued follow-up care before completion of ten-year period. The 5-year and 10-year discontinuation rates were 69.8% and 92.6%, respectively. The median discontinuation time was 44 months. Discontinuers were more likely to be older than the age of 45years {HR=1.415; 95% CI= 1.044 - 1.917}, have metastasis {HR=1.793; 95% CI=1.396 - 2.302}, be anaemic {HR=1.404; 95% CI = 1.120 - 1.760)}, and have late-stage disease {HR=1.310; 95% CI = 1.407-1.639)}.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Breast cancer care discontinuation is associated with late presentation and advanced stage of disease. Therefore a system of community follow-up care and public awareness about breast cancer symptoms is recommended to reduce late presentation and discontinuity of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/1597964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36443795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linda Ahenkorah Fondjo, Osei Owusu-Afriyie, Samuel Asamoah Sakyi, Akua Addo Wiafe, Bright Amankwaa, Emmanuel Acheampong, Richard K D Ephraim, William K B A Owiredu
{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Female Secondary and Tertiary School Students in Ghana.","authors":"Linda Ahenkorah Fondjo, Osei Owusu-Afriyie, Samuel Asamoah Sakyi, Akua Addo Wiafe, Bright Amankwaa, Emmanuel Acheampong, Richard K D Ephraim, William K B A Owiredu","doi":"10.1155/2018/7502047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7502047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer remains a serious public health problem globally. It is particularly increasing among adolescents and premenopausal women. Breast self-examination (BSE) is the most effective and feasible means of detecting breast cancer early in developing countries. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing knowledge of BSE among secondary and tertiary school students and at revealing their attitudes and practices about BSE.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1036 female secondary and tertiary school students of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology and Technology Senior High School. Data was obtained using a pretested questionnaire to access sociodemography, knowledge, attitudes, and practice of BSE among the students.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Most students were within the age of 15-24 years; 90.9% were aware of BSE. A high level of knowledge on BSE was found in 54.5% of the students. Knowledge was significantly higher in tertiary than secondary school students <i>(p=0.002).</i> 24.1% of the students thought BSE could be performed anytime; however only 8.1% of the students performed BSE monthly as recommended, whilst 41.8% had never practiced. Of these, more secondary students had never practiced BSE as compared to the tertiary students. 22.3% indicated they would wait for a change in a detected breast lump before seeking medical attention. 96.3% of the participants agree BSE is a good practice which must be encouraged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Teaching of BSE should be intensified beginning at the high school level, emphasizing practice and its benefits for early detection of breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/7502047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36434926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hans-Ullrich Voelker, Lea Frey, Annette Strehl, Michael Weigel
{"title":"Practical Consequences Resulting from the Analysis of a 21-Multigene Array in the Interdisciplinary Conference of a Breast Cancer Center.","authors":"Hans-Ullrich Voelker, Lea Frey, Annette Strehl, Michael Weigel","doi":"10.1155/2018/2047089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2047089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the multidisciplinary planning of postoperative therapy after breast cancer, borderline cases can arise with no clear rationale for or against adjuvant chemotherapy. In 50 hormone- receptor-positive, Her2neu-negative carcinomas of the breast with no or only minimal lymph node involvement (max. pT1a) we initiated an Oncotype DX® multigene assay in addition to the evaluation of usual parameters. In the oncology conference a vote for or against chemotherapy was taken on the basis of the conventional criteria for decision-making before the test results were available. The final recommendation was made after the multigene test. In 32 breast carcinomas (64%) a low recurrence score could be documented, while 26 (32%) showed an intermediate RS and 3 (6%) showed a high RS. In most cases the result of the test could validate the choice of therapy established using conventional criteria. In 5 cases the initial recommendation for adjuvant therapy was revised, and in 3 cases chemotherapy was secondarily recommended after evaluation of the test results. Conversely, in some cases a low or intermediate risk constellation did not argue against a recommendation for adjuvant chemotherapy. Altogether, the results of our study do not indicate that a multigene assay should be used as a routine diagnostic tool. Instead a thorough compilation and careful analysis of conventional parameters for therapeutic decision-making should take precedence, with special emphasis on histopathological and immunohistochemical results. In selected cases, however, a multigene assay can be a useful tool in the deliberation for or against a therapeutic pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2047089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36397687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriela Näf, Urs E Gasser, Hans E Holzgang, Sandra Schafroth, Christoph Oehler, Daniel R Zwahlen
{"title":"Prevention of Acute Radiation-Induced Skin Reaction with NPE® Camellia Sinensis Nonfermentatum Extract in Female Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Postoperative Radiotherapy: A Single Centre, Prospective, Open-Label Pilot Study.","authors":"Gabriela Näf, Urs E Gasser, Hans E Holzgang, Sandra Schafroth, Christoph Oehler, Daniel R Zwahlen","doi":"10.1155/2018/2479274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2479274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To assess effectiveness of NPE, a proprietary Camellia sinensis nonfermentatum (CSNF) extract, in prevention and recovery of acute radiation-induced skin reaction (ARSR) and skin care during postoperative whole breast radiotherapy (RT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty patients were enrolled in this single centre, prospective, open-label pilot study. The outcomes of 20 prospective data sets were compared with 100 retrospectively collected matched data sets derived from hospital records. The preventive CSNF gel (2.5%) was administered 1 to 2 hours before each session on the irradiated fields. The care CSNF lotion (0.4%) was administered as 7-day pretreatment after each RT session, twice daily between RT sessions, and 4 to 8 weeks thereafter. The control group was treated according to the hospital care guidelines. The primary endpoint was time to ARSR ≥ Grade 2 (CTCAE v4.03); secondary endpoints were frequencies of ARSR grades 1, 2, 3, and 4, recovery of ARSR, frequencies of interruption and RT stop, complications and required rescue interventions, and tolerability of CSNF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Time to ARSR ≥ G2 (censoring) was significantly longer (p = 0.014) in the CSNF group. The hazard ratio was 2.33 (95% CI: 1.15-4.72), demonstrating a 50% decrease in the risk of developing ARSR ≥ G2. There was a trend to faster recovery from ARSR G2 in the CSNF group (100% versus 47%; p = 0.078). The proportion of patients requiring rescue treatment during RT and follow-up was markedly higher in the control compared to the CSNF group (1% to 51% versus 0% to 15%). CSNF gel and lotion were well tolerated both during and after RT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This pilot study provides the first evidence on the potential pharmacological effectiveness of CSNF extract in prevention of RT-induced ARSR and recovery of skin irritation in patients undergoing postoperative whole breast RT and may reflect a novel concept for prevention of RT-induced ARSR and care of irritated skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2479274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36355214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Troy B Schedin, Virginia F Borges, Elena Shagisultanova
{"title":"Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance of Triple Positive Breast Cancer with CDK4/6 Inhibition.","authors":"Troy B Schedin, Virginia F Borges, Elena Shagisultanova","doi":"10.1155/2018/7835095","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/7835095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triple positive breast cancers overexpress both the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) oncogene and the hormonal receptors (HR) to estrogen and progesterone. These cancers represent a unique therapeutic challenge because of a bidirectional cross-talk between the estrogen receptor alpha (ER<i>α</i>) and HER2 pathways leading to tumor progression and resistance to targeted therapy. Attempts to combine standard of care HER2-targeted drugs with antihormonal agents for the treatment of HR+/HER2+ breast cancer yielded encouraging results in preclinical experiments but did improve overall survival in clinical trial. In this review, we dissect multiple mechanisms of therapeutic resistance typical of HR+/HER2+ breast cancer, summarize prior clinical trials of targeted agents, and describe novel rational drug combinations that include antihormonal agents, HER2-targeted drugs, and CDK4/6 inhibitors for treatment of the HR+/HER2+ breast cancer subtype.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6029445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36320473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kamran A Ahmed, G Daniel Grass, Amber G Orman, Casey Liveringhouse, Michael E Montejo, Hatem H Soliman, Heather S Han, Brian J Czerniecki, Javier F Torres-Roca, Roberto Diaz
{"title":"Personalizing Radiation Treatment Delivery in the Management of Breast Cancer.","authors":"Kamran A Ahmed, G Daniel Grass, Amber G Orman, Casey Liveringhouse, Michael E Montejo, Hatem H Soliman, Heather S Han, Brian J Czerniecki, Javier F Torres-Roca, Roberto Diaz","doi":"10.1155/2018/6729802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6729802","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term data establishes the efficacy of radiotherapy in the adjuvant management of breast cancer. New dose and fractionation schemas have evolved and are available, each with unique risks and rewards. Current efforts are ongoing to tailor radiotherapy to the unique biology of breast cancer. In this review, we discuss our efforts to personalize radiotherapy dosing using genomic data and the implications for future clinical trials. We also explore immune mechanisms that may contribute to a tumor's unique radiation sensitivity or resistance.","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6729802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36292618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}