International Journal of Breast Cancer最新文献

{"title":"Validity and Reliability of the Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire Among Ghanaian Women.","authors":"Enoch Teye-Kwadjo","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/6682781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/6682781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer screening allows early detection of treatable breast cancer malignancies. However, the use of breast cancer screening among asymptomatic women in Ghana is reported to be generally low. In addition, Ghana does not have a standardized measure to assess and quantify breast cancer knowledge and screening beliefs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined the factor structure and internal consistency reliability of the Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire (BCSBQ-12) in the context of Ghana. A total of 857 women from the Greater Accra Region of Ghana completed the BCSBQ-12. Exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) and traditional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were applied to the data via robust maximum likelihood estimation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that, compared with the CFA solution, the ESEM solution provided a better fit to the data, with reduced interfactor correlations and adequate internal consistency reliability. The ESEM with target rotation supported the first-order three-factor structure proposed by the BCSBQ-12, indicating the importance of considering breast cancer screening uptake from, at least, three key domains (i.e., <i>attitudes</i>, <i>knowledge,</i> and <i>barriers</i>) in the context of Ghana.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results provide sound evidence of construct validity and psychometric properties for the use of the BCSBQ-12 for assessing breast cancer knowledge and screening beliefs among asymptomatic women in Ghana.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6682781"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13147151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147844269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values and Histopathologic Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Fatemeh Mahdavi Sabet, Fahimeh Zeinalkhani, Shayan Forghani, Peyman Kamali Hakim, Hadise Zeinalkhani, Fatemeh Tahanian","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/5114852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/5114852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study is aimed at investigating the correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values obtained from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and prognostic factors in breast cancer. We hypothesized that lower ADC values would be observed in more aggressive tumors, including those with higher histological grades and Ki-67 expression levels. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with malignant breast lesions who underwent breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including DWI sequences, at our center between January 2022 and January 2023. MRI was performed on a 1.5 T scanner using a bilateral phased-array eight-channel breast coil. ADC values were calculated utilizing <i>b</i> values of 400 and 800 s/mm² and evaluated in relation to prognostic factors, including age, tumor size, tumor grade, lymph node involvement, Ki-67 proliferation index, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 88 patients with 89 malignant lesions. ADC values showed no significant association with age, tumor size, histological type, lymph node involvement, or receptor status (ER, PR, and HER2). However, tumors with higher Ki-67 expression exhibited significantly lower median ADC values. For Ki-67 thresholds of ≥ 14% and ≥ 30%, <i>p</i> values were 0.02 and < 0.01, respectively. A negative correlation between ADC values and the Ki-67 index was noted (<i>p</i> = 0.01, <i>ρ</i> = -0.28). Additionally, Grade I tumors had higher ADC values than Grade II and III tumors (<i>p</i> < 0.01), while no difference was observed between Grade II and III tumors (<i>p</i> = 0.61).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower ADC values correlate with higher tumor grades and Ki-67 expression, suggesting their potential role as imaging biomarkers for assessing breast cancer aggressiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5114852"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13141677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147844304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Imaging of Diabetic Mastopathy: A 62-Case Study With Ultrasound-Based Classification and Diagnostic Accuracy.","authors":"Yilin Xu, Yingxue Wang, Xiaokang Li, Yaqing Li, Xuejing Liu, Yuzhe Zhao, Ying Zhu, Hong Lu","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/7449526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/7449526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of multimodal imaging technology in diagnosing diabetic mastopathy (DM).</p><p><strong>Methoods: </strong>This study retrospectively analyzed ultrasound, mammography, and MRI findings of pathologically confirmed DM from October 2014 to October 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ultrasonography was performed on all 62 patients with DM, identifying a total of 67 lesions. The ultrasound findings were classified into four types: Type I presented as a focal thickening and bulging of the gland with a mix of high and low echoes (42/67, 62.7%); Type II showed focal or overall hypoechoic areas with indistinct margins (19/67, 28.3%); Type III exhibited diffuse hypoechoicity in the lesion area, poorly visualized internal structures, and markedly attenuated posterior echoes (4/67, 6.0%); and Type IV consisted of slightly hypoechoic areas (2/67, 3.0%). The overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was 58.2%. Fifty-one patients with a total of 58 lesions underwent mammography. Eighteen lesions (31.0%) were negative on mammography, whereas 32 lesions (55.2%) displayed asymmetric density. The diagnostic accuracy of mammography was 69%. Five patients with five lesions underwent MRI, which revealed nonmass-like inhomogeneous progressive enhancement, isointensity and hypointensity in T2-weighted images, insignificant or slight hyperintensity in diffusion-weighted imaging, and no significant decrease in apparent diffusion coefficient value, yielding a diagnostic accuracy of 80%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ultrasound characteristics of DM were marked by nonmass-type lesions with distinctive echogenic and structural features. Mammography demonstrated insignificant or nonspecific asymmetric densities without suspicious calcifications or structural distortions. Breast MRI indicated nonmassive lesions exhibiting benign features based on hemodynamic parameters and diffusion-weighted imaging. The combined application of multimodal imaging enhanced diagnostic accuracy, particularly when incorporated with patient history.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"7449526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147844254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuum-Assisted Excision and Assessing Residual Tumor Burden in Patients With Breast Cancer Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (A Pilot Study).","authors":"Hawzhin Hashemi, Asiie Olfatbakhsh, Shiva Moghadam, Alireza Aghanajafi, Laila Heydari, Marzieh Rostami, Shahpar Haghighat","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/9951029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/9951029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of vacuum-assisted excision as a minimally invasive method for assessing residual tumor burden in distinct breast cancer subtypes following neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this pilot clinical trial, 20 patients with breast cancer scheduled for neoadjuvant chemotherapy were assessed. Upon completion of chemotherapy, patients underwent ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted excision of the tumor site, performed by a radiologist. Subsequently, surgical excision of the tumor was carried out. The pathology reports from the vacuum excision were compared with the surgical specimens to determine the concordance in detecting residual tumor tissue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 20 patients who underwent vacuum-assisted excision, 13 patients demonstrated no residual tumor in both vacuum pathology and surgical pathology. However, in four patients, including three cases of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) and one case of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC), a false negative vacuum excision was reported. In three patients, residual tumor was reported both in surgical and vacuum pathology. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of vacuum excision for detecting residual tumor were 100%, 76.5%, and 80%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of vacuum excision were 42.9% and 100%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the findings of this study and considering the accuracy of vacuum excision in identifying residual tumors (80%), it is evident that vacuum excision cannot currently serve as a substitute modality for surgery in the management of patients with post-neoadjuvant breast cancer. Further research with a larger sample size is warranted to enhance our understanding in this area.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>IRCT20241204063942N1.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"9951029"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Related Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence.","authors":"Batool Mutar Mahdi, Noor Kamil Abbas, Haneen Khalid Hameed, Shahad Jamal Abdualdayeam","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/6629139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/6629139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer is one of the diseases in which abnormal, mutated breast cells grow out of control and form tumors. If left unchecked, the tumors can spread throughout the body and become fatal.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>This study is aimed at assessing the combined effect of age-specific trends over time on breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The cross-sectional study included 100 patients diagnosed with breast cancer over a period extending from January 2024 to January 2025 at Al-Amal Hospital in Baghdad. The data were collected from the records of the hospital, including the demographic ones, and another section of the data included the medical ones.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 100 breast cancer patients were included in this study, with ages ranging from 25 to 75 years (mean ± SD : 50.47 ± 10.96 years). The highest percentage of breast cancer patients (39%) belonged to the 50-59 years age group, followed by 40-49 years (25%), while the lowest percentages were observed in the 21-29 years (5%) and 70-79 years (5%) categories. Menstrual history illustrated that 52% of patients were postmenopausal, while 44% were premenopausal, and 4% had irregular cycles. Most cancer patients were married (78%), while 11% were widowed, 8% were single, and 3% were divorced.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the demographic and clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients, emphasizing the predominance of cases in postmenopausal women and those residing in urban areas. It highlights the prevalence of advanced-stage and metastatic breast cancer, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced screening and early detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6629139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13107948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Safety and Efficacy of Biosimilar Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1) in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Prospective Single-Institution Study From India.","authors":"Divya Gandrala, Senthil J Rajappa, Krishnamohan Mallavarapu, A Santa, B Pavan Kumar, Rakesh Pinninti, Pallavi S Ladda, Nikhil Pathi, Sanath Kandem, Rohan Kamlesh Tewani, Vipulkumar Thummar, Priya Mehta","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/8863217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/8863217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) represents an advancement in HER2-targeted therapy, offering a unique combination of trastuzumab's specificity and the cytotoxic potency of maytansine. It demonstrates therapeutic efficacy across the spectrum of breast cancer, including both early-stage and advanced disease. With the emergence of biosimilar formulations, there is a growing need to generate real-world evidence supporting their clinical performance. This study investigates the effectiveness and safety of a T-DM1 biosimilar in routine oncology practice across adjuvant and metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective, single-institute study conducted at a tertiary oncology center in India, 116 patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (51 adjuvant and 65 metastatic) received T-DM1 biosimilar (Ujvira) between June 2021 and October 2023. Outcomes assessed included overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs), graded using CTCAE v5.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the metastatic cohort, ORR was 63.4%, median PFS was 8.0 months (95% CI: 5.8-10.2), and estimated median OS was 18.0 months (95% CI: 16.1-19.9). Clinical benefit rate was 75%. In the adjuvant cohort, 62.7% completed the planned 14 cycles, and treatment was well tolerated. Grade ≥ 3 AEs occurred in 6.9% of all patients, with fatigue and thrombocytopenia being the most common AEs. No unexpected safety signals were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>T-DM1 biosimilar showed outcomes consistent with those reported for the originator in real-world settings, supporting its broader adoption in both early and advanced HER2-positive breast cancer. Its affordability may improve access and outcomes in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8863217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13096683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Adherence to Mediterranean, DASH, and MIND Diets and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Iranian Women.","authors":"Farnush Bakhshimoghaddam, Nikoo Mohtadi, Abolfazl Haghighatkhah, Ahmad Zare Javid, Maedeh Raeisi Zadeh, Samira Razzaghi, Mina Moradpour, Hamidreza Razmi","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/7418288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/7418288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. This study was aimed at investigating the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets and the odds of developing breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 106 histopathologically confirmed breast cancer cases and 107 age-matched controls. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Adherence scores for the MD, DASH, and MIND diets were calculated and categorized into tertiles. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), adjusting for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, education, employment, and family history of cancer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After full adjustment, compared to the lowest tertile, women in the highest tertile of MD, DASH, and MIND diet adherence had a 75% (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10-0.64), 76% (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.09-0.62), and 72% (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.11-0.75) reduced odds of breast cancer, respectively. All trends were statistically significant. However, stratification by menopausal status revealed no significant associations within pre- or postmenopausal subgroups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Greater adherence to the MD, DASH, and MIND diets is associated with a substantially lower likelihood of breast cancer in Iranian women. These findings highlight the potential of healthy dietary patterns as a modifiable factor for breast cancer prevention in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"7418288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13090535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 1 (Tim1) as a Prognostic Factor Associated With Therapeutic Resistance in Human Breast Carcinoma.","authors":"Mio Yamaguchi-Tanaka, Kiyoshi Takagi, Mai Sawafuji, Ai Sato, Kanoko Nakamura, Yasuhiro Miki, Minoru Miyashita, Takashi Suzuki","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/3747828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/3747828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Therapeutic resistance, including resistance to endocrine therapy in ER-positive tumors and to chemotherapy in aggressive subtypes, remains a major clinical challenge in breast cancer. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (Tim1), a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein, has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in various cancer cells and contribute to tumor progression. However, its clinical significance in breast cancer and association with therapy resistance remain largely unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated Tim1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 116 breast carcinoma tissues and analyzed its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes according to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tim1 immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm and cell membranes of breast carcinoma cells but was negligible in the normal breast epithelium. Tim1 expression was significantly associated with pathological T factor, lymph node metastasis, histological grade, and Ki67 labeling index. Tim1 immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with an increased risk of recurrence, and multivariate analyses demonstrated Tim1 as an independent adverse prognostic factor for disease-free survival. In addition, Tim1 remained correlated with the risk of recurrence in patients who had received chemotherapy or endocrine therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tim1 might be an important therapeutic target for improving therapy in breast cancer patients and could be a strong adverse prognostic factor associated with therapeutic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"3747828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13081791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147700084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Dosimetry Planning in 3D Conformal Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer With Lymph Nodes Using the High-Tangential Tilted-Supraclavicular Technique.","authors":"Mazen Moussallem","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/2650553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/2650553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Despite the emergence of advanced radiotherapy techniques such as volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) continues to be used due to its advantages in treating breast cancer. This study aimed to optimize the 3DCRT technique for breast cancer cases that require lymph node irradiation.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>A total of 100 consecutive patients were included. For the first 50 patients, standard (ST) 3DCRT dosimetry plans were prepared. For the remaining 50 patients, plans were generated using an optimized High-tangential Tilted-supraclavicular (HT) technique, which consists of tilting the supraclavicular beam to reduce ipsilateral lung irradiation; raising the tangential fields superiorly to enhance coverage of axillary levels I and II; and intentionally creating an internal overlap between the supraclavicular and tangential fields. This overlap was resolved using the field-in-field (FIF) technique, primarily applied to the supraclavicular field, which is the main contributor to ipsilateral lung dose in this region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The HT technique demonstrated promising results compared with the ST technique and other published 3DCRT methods. It achieved improved coverage of axillary levels I and II while reducing the dose to the ipsilateral lung. However, further adjustments are needed to enhance coverage of axillary level III, the supraclavicular region, and internal mammary nodes (IMN). These include the following: completing targets contouring prior to dosimetry planning to enable precise field adjustments; relaxing the 2 cm constraint on ipsilateral lung irradiation by tangential fields when IMN is included; relaxing the maximum dose constraint for the supraclavicular and IMN fields; and using a fully electron-based field instead of a mixed electron-photon technique for IMN dedicated field.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The HT technique was quantitatively validated, and a modified version was proposed and qualitatively assessed. This new version may be considered for clinical use, and comparison with VMAT in a larger patient cohort is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2650553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13081798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147700045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MMTV Virus Detection, Survival Analysis, and Prognostic Relevance of Six Tumor Genes in Patients With Breast Cancer.","authors":"Saad Alamri, Maaweya Awadalla, Rahaf A Henawi, Ghaida Al-Hazzaa, Zahra Alkhunaizy, Soha Alzorgi, Nouf Alqahtani, Alyaa S Abdel Halim, Mohamed A M Ali, Mansour I Almansour, Bandar Alosaimi","doi":"10.1155/ijbc/3310843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijbc/3310843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Breast cancer (BC) remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and represents a significant global health burden. The genes associated with tumor suppression (p53, BRCA1, and BRCA2), telomere length maintenance (TERT), DNA damage response (FGFR2), and DNA repair (CHD1) are recognized for their intricate function in tumor genesis and progression. However, the prognostic significance of these genes in BC remains an area of research interest. This study aimed to examine the potential association between the presence of the MMTV and the expression patterns of these six genes with patient prognosis and survival outcomes in BC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study includes 125 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens taken from BC patients, in addition to 25 tissue samples of benign breast lesions were incorporated as controls. The mRNA expression levels of six genes, namely p53, BRCA1, BRCA2, TERT, FGFR2, and CHD1, were quantified in FFPE tissue samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The correlation between gene expression and prognostic characteristics and the probability of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results do not indicate an association between MMTV and BC, as the virus was not detected in any of the tissue samples analyzed. We observed a significant differential expression in five of the six studied genes between BC and noncancerous breast tissue, with significant downregulation of BRCA1, BRCA2, CHD1, and TERT, significant upregulation of p53, and unchanged levels of FGFR2. Among BC patients, p53 and BRCA1 expression levels emerged as significant prognostic factors for both RFS (32 vs. 24 months; 34 vs. 26 months) and OS (28.5 vs. 24 months; 31 vs. 28 months), respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of p53 expression displayed a trend favoring low expression for better survival and showing relatively stable RFS and OS survival curves of p53 until 43 and 54 months of the follow-up period, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When comparing cancer to noncancer patients, only p53 and BRCA1 expression levels emerged as significant prognostic factors for both RFS and OS in the entire cohort, with p53 displaying a trend favoring low expression for better survival. Although gene expression data provided a prognostic value, future studies should aim at integrating multiomics data and evaluating biomarkers in a broader clinical context to improve the accuracy of prognostic models and guide personalized treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46159,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Breast Cancer","volume":"2026 ","pages":"3310843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13071179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147692783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}