History of the Family最新文献

{"title":"Trends in assortative mating in the United States, 1700-1910. Evidence from FamiLinx data.","authors":"Giulia Corti, Saverio Minardi, Nicola Barban","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2024.2352539","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1081602X.2024.2352539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Couple formation and assortative mating significantly influence societal structures, as marriages between individuals from diverse geographical or social backgrounds promote intra-family diversity. Understanding these patterns is crucial for grasping the demographic processes that shape contemporary societies. However, the scarcity of comprehensive data has impeded progress in this area. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating assortative mating trends in the United States among birth cohorts from 1700 to 1910, utilizing data from FamiLinx, an online crowdsourced genealogical database. We focus on two primary dimensions: migration background (including natives, first and second-generation migrants) and age at marriage. Our analysis yields three major findings. First, we document significant changes in assortative mating trends over time, reflecting the dynamic nature of mate selection and its responsiveness to societal shifts. Second, we uncover substantial heterogeneity in assortative mating patterns across different social groups, indicating varying social dynamics and preferences. Third, we illustrate how these trends can be differently interpreted depending on whether the perspective is individual or familial. Additionally, we explore the advantages and limitations of using online genealogical data for historical studies of assortative mating, highlighting its potential for offering new insights while acknowledging the challenges posed by data quality and representativeness.</p>","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"29 4","pages":"461-481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children as pawns on the national Chess board: children in Israel’s 1948 war of Independence","authors":"Lilach Rosenberg-Friedman","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2274068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2274068","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe article examines how nationalism shapes perceptions of childhood and defines the role of children in a national struggle, and the challenges of implementing these perceptions during wartime, while explores the evacuation of children during the Israeli War of Independence (1948) as a case study. While nationalism played a central role in shaping the society's perceptions of children's roles, practical constraints and other perceptions exerted a significant influence. While the leadership opposed evacuation, the question of whether the presence of children on frontline settlements strengthened or weakened their fight was disputed among their members. Mothers both wanted their children with them to boost morale and wished them to be safe far away. Some accepted that they could play a vital role, others supported their evacuation so they could play their own part without hindrance. These dilemmas were compounded by the fact that children served as emotional and mental supports for both the family and the collective. The trauma of the Holocaust heightened this aspect of the double bind. The tension between child welfare vs. national goals often led to last-minute decisions. Children were thus more often evacuated under live fire rather than in the pre-planned, organized fashion characteristic of the 2WW Blitz in Britain. Despite the national principles aligning children with the well-being of the nation, their application during wartime proved intricate and contingent upon specific circumstances and the immediate danger faced by children. The harsh reality highlights the modern concept of childhood and the traditional concept of motherhood. It concludes that a child's role in national warfare is characterized by both conceptual complexity and practical flexibility. Especially in a traditional and national society striving for modernity as Israeli society. Furthermore, even in an existential war, national indoctrination can encounter limitations in its power and influence.KEYWORDS: Perceptions of childhoodchildrenfamilymotherhoodnational societieswarevacuationBritainIsrael Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1. https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/world/europe/2022-05-08/ty-article-live/.premium/00000180-a35a-d0ae-adf5-bbdecf720000 (8 March, 2022).2. The present article only treats the evacuation of children from war zones, not relating to the deliberate bringing of children into areas of conflicts by Palestinians/settlers and their use of ‘human shields’ by terror organizations. This is a topic for separate research.3. Dotan Gabbai, ‘The “Breath of Breeze” will continue: So far over 12,000 residents have been refreshed’: https://www.mivzaklive.co.il/archives/684531.4. Also known as the 1948 War. Herein, I employ the standard terminology of the period by Israelis because I am discussing the evacuation of children in the Israeli rather than Palestinian context. While one of the most dramatic conseq","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"105 s411","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dangerous liaisons, or strategies for family management in eighteenth-century Venice","authors":"Celeste McNamara","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2274916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2274916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn 1745, a lengthy and unusual case was brought before the Venetian Executors against Blasphemy, a secular court with jurisdiction over a wide range of crimes that violated standards of morality. The parents of two young women from the Venetian mainland state were accused of pimping their two eldest daughters to Jewish men from the Venetian Ghetto in return for financial support, helping them to support their ten children. But the story became much more complicated as the court investigated the young women’s relationships; one of the daughters did seem to have a relationship with a married Jew who had promised to convert and marry her, while the other was actually a nobleman’s courtesan, supported by the same patrician who served as a guardian to a young Giacomo Casanova. Although to the patricians who served as judges, any exploitation of a young woman’s sexuality was deemed criminal, ordinary eighteenth-century Venetians saw things differently. Large families were difficult to support, and all members contributed as they were able. Typically we think of apprenticeships, domestic service, and piecework as the key strategies for supporting a family and training children for their future lives. For women, historians have long acknowledged that service carried risks of sexual exploitation, as well. But what has not been recognised as a strategy is the encouragement of premarital relations or of sex work as alternatives to domestic service and piecework. Through a microhistorical approach, this article argues that the case of the Zambelli family shows us a wider range of morally ambiguous options for supporting a large family and setting up daughters to leave the family home, many of which included threats of sexual exploitation, damaged honour, and unwanted pregnancies.KEYWORDS: Familyreligionsex workfemale networksItalymoralityVenice AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to thank Professor Elizabeth Cohen, Dr Ross Carroll, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions on drafts of this article. The broader research project of which this is a part is funded by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Archival sourcesArchivio di Stato di Venezia, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, b. 17, ‘Contro Zuanne e Benetta Zambelli, Momolo Todesco, e Giuseppe Piccoli,’ 1745–1746.Notes1. *N.B. Venetian documents of this period still used the More Veneto style of dating, in which the year changed over on March 1. To avoid confusion, I have rendered dates according to the modern system; i.e. the new year begins January 1.Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, b. 17, ‘Contro Zuanne e Benetta Zambelli, Momolo Todesco, e Giuseppe Piccoli,’ Denunciation, 11 August 1745, fol. 2. [NB: the folio numbering of this trial is inconsistent – some folios are not numbered, and on several occasions the numbering restarts. All elements of the trial will thus be la","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"105 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135540206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Varieties of egalitarianism: gender ideologies in the late socialism of the German Democratic Republic","authors":"Leonie Kleinschrot, Felix Berth, Martin Bujard","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2258852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2258852","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the east part of former divided Germany, which existed between 1949 and 1990, saw the emancipation of women as a national objective. In this paper we examine the gender ideologies of young people in the GDR in relation to state socialist ideas of gender equality. First, we outline the GDR’s socialist state policy in favour of maternal full-time employment, even with young children, between the 1950s and the 1980s. We then present the results of our analysis of gender ideologies using survey data collected by the GDR’s Central Institute of Youth Research in 1984. By applying latent class analysis, we identify two patterns of egalitarianism in the analytic sample, which we term ‘all-inclusive-egalitarians’ and ‘not-in-my-backyard-egalitarians’ (‘nimby-egalitarians’). The former supported gender equality in both the public and familial spheres. The nimby-egalitarians, by contrast, had ambivalent attitudes, as they supported gender equality in the public sphere and at the same time held more traditional attitudes towards the private sphere. Our study demonstrates that after almost 40 years of propagating gender equality, state socialism in the GDR had some success in shaping societal gender ideologies. However, we reveal ambivalences which researchers have previously often overseen, especially in contrast to the Western part of Germany. The top-down shaped GDR patterns of egalitarianism also bear similarities to the stalled gender revolution in contemporary Western democratic societies. Beyond the results, the paper proves the richness and principle usability of hitherto rarely used data sets preserved from the GDR.KEYWORDS: Gender role attitudesgender equalityGerman Democratic Republicsocialismfamily policylatent class analysis Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. The data have only been analysed by the survey project team at the ZIJ. An overview of the reports is available at: https://search.gesis.org/research_data/ZA6138?doi=10.4232/1.61382. We refrain from testing ‘education’ as a predictor of gender ideologies (van Berkel & Graaf, Citation1999) as the late GDR had an universal school system and access to higher education was regulated and strongly dependent on regime loyality (Hadjar & Berger, Citation2010; Mayer & Solga, Citation1994). Thus, a selection bias of highly regime loyal individuals in the higher education groups cannot be ruled out in the cohorts included. We were also unable to include the number of children (Fan & Marini, Citation2000) as a predictor of gender ideology due to missing information.3. All translations from German are ours.4. Schlegel was a research assistant and then head of department at the Central Institute for Youth Research from 1972 to 1990. After 1990, she was one of the few researchers from the Institute who continued to find employment in the German academic system. She was also the only scientist ","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136133973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hurricanes, fertility, and family structure: a study of early 20th century Jamaica","authors":"Robert J R Elliott, Eric A Strobl, Thomas Tveit","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2256507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2256507","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of hurricanes on fertility and the role of family structure in early 20th century Jamaica. Importantly, this was a time period in which there were no storm warnings or other formal disaster mitigation policies in place, allowing one to arguably identify the causal effect of storms on births without any policy interference. To this end, historical hurricane tracks and an exhaustive register of births are used to create a parish level monthly data set on births and hurricane destruction for the period 1901 to 1929. The regression analysis reveals that hurricanes impact excess births for close to 2 years after the event, with the average damaging storm causing a reduction in births of around 13%. Most of the negative effect is due to lower post-storm fertility rather than a fall in births by women affected while pregnant. There is no evidence that the fall in births was driven by fertile females dying as a result of the hurricane. Similarly, there was no discernible differential impact between single mother and two parent registered births, where the impact on the latter appears to be driven by non-marital conjugal unions.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135060493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Households and communities: evolution in Homo sapiens","authors":"P. Manning","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2239780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2239780","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in the theory of social evolution advance arguments that the overall pattern of human evolution can be seen as resulting from three mechanisms—biological, cultural, and social—which arose sequentially. This evolutionary framework is applied in an overview of the intimate group and the community, biologically based structures of residence and group defense, respectively, within primate species. For Homo sapiens, the intimate group took the form of a household led by a pairbonded couple. The opening section provides a narrative of the intimate groups and community groups within hominin species that preceded Homo sapiens. The second section summarizes basic models for each of the three evolutionary regimes, in terms of Darwinian variation, reproduction, and selection. Each regime explores species through the behavior of individuals as well as types of group behavior. In the third section, theories and narrative are combined to propose causal steps in historical transformation, leading to the human household. The last two parts explore the changing roles of households in the era of agriculture and the long-term transfer of laborers from the household to the community sector, a process gradually expanding the productivity of each sector.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44871359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gift of life after slavery: close-kin ownership, slavery and manumission in suriname 1765-1795","authors":"Camilla de Koning","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2227144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2227144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43770867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding living alone among the young- and middle-aged in China (1990-2010): A gender perspective","authors":"Fan Xiao, Yixiao Liu","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2023.2219250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2023.2219250","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Living alone is becoming a noticeable living arrangement in China. A growing body of literature documented the transformations of the Chinese family structure. However, research on the relatively new household structure of living alone, with a focus solely on the young- and middle-aged, is limited. This article used China’s 1990, 2000, and 2010 census microdata to analyze how marital status, migration status, and education level were associated with living alone behavior among the young- and middle-aged. A gender perspective was involved in the entire analyses. We found that singlehood, migration, and education were all combined with gender and woven into a picture depicting the Chinese living alone during 1990–2010. Never married rural men (since 2000) and all divorced women have a relatively higher risk of living alone; mobility was more likely to bring about living alone for rural-hukou holders than urban-hukou holders. Decomposition analyses revealed that the increase in living alone of the young- and middle-aged was mainly driven by changes in migration and marital status, with changes in educational level playing a particularly important role in the rise of women living alone. In conclusion, unlike the observed pattern of living alone in the West, living alone in China is highly gendered and embodied in a rural-urban dual institution.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"572 - 600"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46859670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Models of leaving home: patterns and trends in Sweden, 1830–1959","authors":"Samuel Sundvall, C. Lundh, M. Dribe, Glenn Sandström","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2023.2222111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2023.2222111","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, we examine the development of age at leaving the parental household in Sweden between the years 1830-1959. We utilize individual-level longitudinal data from two geographically and socioeconomically different regions: the county of Scania in the very south of Sweden, and Västerbotten to the north. We use descriptive and multivariate analyses to investigate how determinants, such as age at marriage and socioeconomic status, affected the age at leaving the parental household over time and between different subgroups, such as sex and rural-urban setting. We show that the age at leaving the parental household was initially low but increased strongly during industrialization but fell again during the interwar period and onwards. Regional and subgroup differences in age at leaving the parental household were small throughout the investigated period, indicating that the development was general in nature. Therefore, we argue that our results indicate that different models governed the structures and norms of home leaving during our investigated period. More specifically, a pre-industrial model gradually shifted into an industrial model, with the latter one becoming dominant in the 1920s. In the pre-industrial model, leaving home was shaped by the life-cycle service system. In the industrial model, age at marriage instead became a main determinant of home leaving.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"601 - 629"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42234769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Russian peasant family in the twentieth century: a structural-typological and dynamic analysis","authors":"L. Mazur, O. V. Gorbachev","doi":"10.1080/1081602X.2023.2217687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2023.2217687","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study discusses the transformation of the peasant family in Russia in the twentieth century and focuses on the materials of the budget surveys of peasant households in the Middle Urals in 1928/1929 and in 1963. The population censuses of 1926, 1939, and 1959 allow us to compare the family structure in rural areas of the Urals diachronically and to chart the evolution of the Russian peasant family. While the Ural budget surveys reflect the national dynamics, they also bear the signs of specific regional characteristics: milder demographic effects because WOII, higher rates of urbanization in rural areas as a result of the accompanying migration processes. Our study has shown that the demographic transition in Russia was characterised by the following : a very fast, albeit belated, change in the family structure from 1920 to the 1960s; the family was affected by demographic disasters such as wars and political campaigns. As a result, the peasant family could not maintain the fertility rates at the replacement level. The structural-typological analysis and micro-level modelling of the family life cycle have demonstrated that peasant families had peculiar mechanisms of adaptation to internal and external pressures. While the life cycle of the traditional family household was largely determined by the peasant economy, in an urbanized society there were two main family types and, correspondingly, two types of the family life cycle. The reduced life cycle of the single parent family became secondary to the ‘model’ life cycle of the two parent family. Soviet modernization contributed to the transformation of ‘fragmented’ family forms into a typical version of the family landscape, not only in cities but also in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"28 1","pages":"544 - 571"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43381363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}