Dangerous liaisons, or strategies for family management in eighteenth-century Venice

IF 1 3区 历史学 Q3 FAMILY STUDIES
Celeste McNamara
{"title":"Dangerous liaisons, or strategies for family management in eighteenth-century Venice","authors":"Celeste McNamara","doi":"10.1080/1081602x.2023.2274916","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn 1745, a lengthy and unusual case was brought before the Venetian Executors against Blasphemy, a secular court with jurisdiction over a wide range of crimes that violated standards of morality. The parents of two young women from the Venetian mainland state were accused of pimping their two eldest daughters to Jewish men from the Venetian Ghetto in return for financial support, helping them to support their ten children. But the story became much more complicated as the court investigated the young women’s relationships; one of the daughters did seem to have a relationship with a married Jew who had promised to convert and marry her, while the other was actually a nobleman’s courtesan, supported by the same patrician who served as a guardian to a young Giacomo Casanova. Although to the patricians who served as judges, any exploitation of a young woman’s sexuality was deemed criminal, ordinary eighteenth-century Venetians saw things differently. Large families were difficult to support, and all members contributed as they were able. Typically we think of apprenticeships, domestic service, and piecework as the key strategies for supporting a family and training children for their future lives. For women, historians have long acknowledged that service carried risks of sexual exploitation, as well. But what has not been recognised as a strategy is the encouragement of premarital relations or of sex work as alternatives to domestic service and piecework. Through a microhistorical approach, this article argues that the case of the Zambelli family shows us a wider range of morally ambiguous options for supporting a large family and setting up daughters to leave the family home, many of which included threats of sexual exploitation, damaged honour, and unwanted pregnancies.KEYWORDS: Familyreligionsex workfemale networksItalymoralityVenice AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to thank Professor Elizabeth Cohen, Dr Ross Carroll, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions on drafts of this article. The broader research project of which this is a part is funded by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Archival sourcesArchivio di Stato di Venezia, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, b. 17, ‘Contro Zuanne e Benetta Zambelli, Momolo Todesco, e Giuseppe Piccoli,’ 1745–1746.Notes1. *N.B. Venetian documents of this period still used the More Veneto style of dating, in which the year changed over on March 1. To avoid confusion, I have rendered dates according to the modern system; i.e. the new year begins January 1.Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, b. 17, ‘Contro Zuanne e Benetta Zambelli, Momolo Todesco, e Giuseppe Piccoli,’ Denunciation, 11 August 1745, fol. 2. [NB: the folio numbering of this trial is inconsistent – some folios are not numbered, and on several occasions the numbering restarts. All elements of the trial will thus be labeled/dated and folio numbers indicated where available. All archival material is taken from this trial; therefore further citations will include only the label, date, and, where available, folio number(s).]2. In 18th century Turin, the average age of marriage for women was 24; the average was higher for women working in retail/trade (26) and higher still for servants (28). Similar patterns are evident for popolano women based on cases in the Esecutori contro la bestemmia court for seduction under pretense of marriage, in which most of the women bringing suit against their lovers were in their twenties, and were described by the court as ‘nubile.’ Cases found in ASVe, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, bb. 1–53.3. Denunciation written by Giuseppe Battistella, 11 August 1745, fol. 2.4. Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 25 r.5. Testimony of Benetta Zambelli, 21 August 1745, n.p.6. Defense of Zuanne and Benetta, capitolo 9, submitted in late March 1746, n.p.7. ‘Aveva della inclinazione a detta putta.’ Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 26 v-27 r.8. Testimony of Angelo Schievano, 27 September 1745, fol. 4 r; Testimony of Angelo Lutato, 27 September 1745, fol. 7 v; Testimony of Domenica Peghin, 13 November 1745, fol. 38 r; Testimony of Zuanne Feverero, 29 September 1745, fol. 19 v.9. Defense of Momolo Todesco, n.p.10. Testimony of Giuseppe Battistella, 12 August 1745, 3 v.11. Testimony of Giacomina Bisi, 2 May 1746, n.p.12. The court followed a lead provided by Battistella, who gave them the name Perina Colloredo. They did not find a Perina Colloredo, but they did find a Laura Giordani, whose husband was Zorzi Colloredo; this also led them to Laura’s daughter Francesca, who also practiced midwifery though she was unlicensed. Testimony of Laura Giordani, 18 August 1745, fol. 8 r; Testimony of Francesca Colloredo, 18 August 1745, fol. 9 r.13. '…ritrovai… Elisabetta in letto.. gridava da dolori.' Testimony of Giacomina Bornati, 19 August 1745, fol. 11 r.14. ‘L’avrei consegnata alla mia solita donna perché giusto in casi simili la portasse al pio luogo, e subito partita mi portai da donna Faustina vedova che abita in Calle del Liompardo all’Ancoretta.’ Testimony of Giacomina Bornati, 19 August 1745, fol. 11 r.15. Testimony of Giacomina Bornati, 19 August 1745, fol. 11 v-12 r.16. Testimony of Faustina Naduri, 23 August 1745, fol. 17 r.17. Testimony of Catta, 18 August 1745, fols. 9 r-10 v; Testimony of Laura Maruti, 25 August 1745, fols. 17 v-18 v.18. Copia tratta dal libro scaffetta, records 4588 and 4593. The first baby was brought in on 23 February at the sixteenth hour, baptized as Bonifazio, and given to a wet nurse in San Zanipolo (Santi Giovanni e Paolo) parish. The second was brought in on 25 February at the thirteenth hour, baptized Benvenuto, and sent out to a wet nurse in a small rural village nearly a hundred kilometers from Venice. The details of these arrangements would have been recorded in two different registers, one which kept records of babies sent out within the city and another which recorded those sent outside the city. The women in each case would have received 7 lire to care for the baby for the first year; if the babies survived they received 3 lire 10 soldi through age 6, and then 10 lire 10 soldi after age six; in all cases they also received cloth and shoes each year as well. Testimony of Domenico Fasoi, chancellor of the Pietà, 9 September 1745, fol. 29 r.19. ‘Paolina Zambelli … dipendeva da me, et io l’assistivo.’ Testimony of NH Zuanne Grimani, 25 February 1746, n.p.20. Testimony of NH Alvise Abbate Grimani, 25 February 1746, np. The details of this deal were also confirmed by the Grimani’s lawyer, Antonio Dantini, in his testimony on the same date.21. ‘Conobbe le nostre indigenze.’ Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 25 v.22. ‘Incomodi.’ Testimony of NH Zuanne Grimani, 25 February 1746, n.p.23. Testimony of Luigi Ferro, doctor, 25 February 1746; Testimony of Nicolò Prepiani, tailor, 25 February 1746; Testimony of Angelo Soravia, shoemaker, 25 February 1746; Testimony of Anzola Filippi, seamstress, 2 May 1746.24. ‘Viddi una creatura giovane scarma piuttosto malvestita ne bella ne brutta, quale mostrava anni 18 in 19 gravida.’ Testimony of Laura Saligio, 28 August 1745, fol. 20 r. Presumably Paolina was attended by Elisabetta and her paternal grandmother; perhaps the second old woman was her maternal grandmother, but she is not identified anywhere.25. Testimony of Laura Saligio, 28 August 1745, fol. 20 r.26. ‘Mi consegnò una creatura maschio bello, e piuttosto grande.’ Testimony of Maria Bianchi, 30 August 1745, fol. 21 r.27. Testimony of Maria Bianchi, 30 August 1745, fols. 20 v-21 r.28. Fede of Stella, scrivana del Pio Ospedale della Pietà, 26 August 1745.29. Copy of the Libro Scaffetta for 20–21 August 1745, fol. 35 r.30. 'Affare di grande importanza.' Letter from Paolina Zambelli to Giuseppe Zuliani, 24 August 1745, n.p.31. ‘Mi rispose che aveva avuto commercio con diversi NH e che non sapeva di chi potesse esser, con Ebrei mi disse di no.’ Testimony of Giuseppe Zuliani, 26 August 1745, fol. 19 v. Wanting more information, the priest also visited the Pietà and examined their record books. He apparently found a record of a baby handed over at the correct time, but saw no note of a fede, because this was not recorded in the Libro scaffetta but was presumably kept in a different register and set aside for safekeeping.32. One neighbor said she was gone about 20 days and had returned sometime around 3–8 September. Testimony of Maria Campi, 23 September 1745, fol. 37 r.33. ‘Ora è tornata, et è senza pancia.’ Testimony of Maria Girarsi, 16 September 1745, fol. 36 v.34. Testimony of Maria Girarsi, 16 September 1745, fol. 36 v. Calle Colombina is only about fifteen minutes from Corte Morosina on foot, so it is not clear if this statement says something about Venetian concepts of distance or Maria’s imprecise knowledge.35. The unanimous vote to convict occurred on 3 January 1746, and the sentence was publicly announced in Perarolo on 9 January 1746 and in Rialto and San Marco on 15 January 1746.36. Defense of Momolo Todesco, 29 January 1746, n.p.37. ‘Questa era una giovine di anni 18 in 20 in circa scarma piuttosto bassa bella a cui io le dissi qual era il mio dovere, quali erano le mie notizie della pratica di detto Ebreo, la necessità di doverlo licenziar di sua casa, et il mio debito di riferirlo a questo Eccellentissimo Magistrato in caso differente.’ Testimony of Rev. Giuseppe Zuliani, 21 August 1745, fol. 12 v.38. Testimony of Rev. Giuseppe Zuliani, 21 August 1745, fol. 13 r.39. Testimony of NH Zuane Grimani, 25 February 1745, n.p.; Testimony of NH Alvise Abbate Grimani, 25 February 1745, n.p.40. Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 27 v.41. ‘Mostrò atti di dolore da disperato, e con gridi, e con pianti disse: poveretto mi son disperato.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 35.42. Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitoli 43–44.43. ‘Che alla nostra visita in Perarolo capitavano diverse persone nostri amici, di civil condizione, e di onesti costumi.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 45.44. ‘Che nell’educazione delle nostre figliole e figli abbiamo avute tutte le applicazioni per correggerli, per istruirli nel santo timor di Dio, e di farle insegnare a nostre spese qualche onorato mestiere per loro vantaggio.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 41.45. Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitoli 36–39.46. ‘Che zelanti sacerdoti si sono interessati di locar in Claustrauli chiostri delle Penitenti e Zitelle, il che seguirà con brevità rispettivamente di Antonia fra le Penitenti, e di Santina vergine, nostre figlie, nelle Zitelle.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 40.47. ‘Elisabetta è in casa sicura et in buona custodia.’ Testimony of Padre Bernardino Antonio Bastivi, 2 May 1746, n.p.48. ‘Anzoletta è in luogo sicuro.’ Testimony of Padre Bernardino Antonio Bastivi, 2 May 1746, n.p.49. Testimony of Padre Francesco Rossi, 4 May 1746, n.p.50. ‘La castità è sua, il volere è suo, gl’empiti dell’età son suoi, se questi producono in loro il dannoso effetto d’unirle insieme libertà e volere; volere e disonestà, il riparo è spedito, il precipizio è aperto, son perduti non solo con colpa de genitori, ma anche con loro inganno, senza che sappino d’aver in casa una detestabile meretrice quando si credono d’aver una vergine.’ Closing statement Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, not dated (on or after 6 May 1746), n.p.51. Sentences of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, 28 June 1746, n.p.52. Young women who had been ‘seduced under pretense of marriage’ frequently brought suit against their lovers if community interventions failed, and in the overwhelming majority of cases, the Esecutori found in favour of the women. Men were sentenced to prison or banishment, which could be avoided through prompt marriage or payment of a dowry. There are 88 such cases in the ASVe, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, bb. 1–53.Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation.","PeriodicalId":46118,"journal":{"name":"History of the Family","volume":"105 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"History of the Family","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2023.2274916","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"FAMILY STUDIES","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract

ABSTRACTIn 1745, a lengthy and unusual case was brought before the Venetian Executors against Blasphemy, a secular court with jurisdiction over a wide range of crimes that violated standards of morality. The parents of two young women from the Venetian mainland state were accused of pimping their two eldest daughters to Jewish men from the Venetian Ghetto in return for financial support, helping them to support their ten children. But the story became much more complicated as the court investigated the young women’s relationships; one of the daughters did seem to have a relationship with a married Jew who had promised to convert and marry her, while the other was actually a nobleman’s courtesan, supported by the same patrician who served as a guardian to a young Giacomo Casanova. Although to the patricians who served as judges, any exploitation of a young woman’s sexuality was deemed criminal, ordinary eighteenth-century Venetians saw things differently. Large families were difficult to support, and all members contributed as they were able. Typically we think of apprenticeships, domestic service, and piecework as the key strategies for supporting a family and training children for their future lives. For women, historians have long acknowledged that service carried risks of sexual exploitation, as well. But what has not been recognised as a strategy is the encouragement of premarital relations or of sex work as alternatives to domestic service and piecework. Through a microhistorical approach, this article argues that the case of the Zambelli family shows us a wider range of morally ambiguous options for supporting a large family and setting up daughters to leave the family home, many of which included threats of sexual exploitation, damaged honour, and unwanted pregnancies.KEYWORDS: Familyreligionsex workfemale networksItalymoralityVenice AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to thank Professor Elizabeth Cohen, Dr Ross Carroll, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions on drafts of this article. The broader research project of which this is a part is funded by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Archival sourcesArchivio di Stato di Venezia, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, b. 17, ‘Contro Zuanne e Benetta Zambelli, Momolo Todesco, e Giuseppe Piccoli,’ 1745–1746.Notes1. *N.B. Venetian documents of this period still used the More Veneto style of dating, in which the year changed over on March 1. To avoid confusion, I have rendered dates according to the modern system; i.e. the new year begins January 1.Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, b. 17, ‘Contro Zuanne e Benetta Zambelli, Momolo Todesco, e Giuseppe Piccoli,’ Denunciation, 11 August 1745, fol. 2. [NB: the folio numbering of this trial is inconsistent – some folios are not numbered, and on several occasions the numbering restarts. All elements of the trial will thus be labeled/dated and folio numbers indicated where available. All archival material is taken from this trial; therefore further citations will include only the label, date, and, where available, folio number(s).]2. In 18th century Turin, the average age of marriage for women was 24; the average was higher for women working in retail/trade (26) and higher still for servants (28). Similar patterns are evident for popolano women based on cases in the Esecutori contro la bestemmia court for seduction under pretense of marriage, in which most of the women bringing suit against their lovers were in their twenties, and were described by the court as ‘nubile.’ Cases found in ASVe, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, bb. 1–53.3. Denunciation written by Giuseppe Battistella, 11 August 1745, fol. 2.4. Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 25 r.5. Testimony of Benetta Zambelli, 21 August 1745, n.p.6. Defense of Zuanne and Benetta, capitolo 9, submitted in late March 1746, n.p.7. ‘Aveva della inclinazione a detta putta.’ Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 26 v-27 r.8. Testimony of Angelo Schievano, 27 September 1745, fol. 4 r; Testimony of Angelo Lutato, 27 September 1745, fol. 7 v; Testimony of Domenica Peghin, 13 November 1745, fol. 38 r; Testimony of Zuanne Feverero, 29 September 1745, fol. 19 v.9. Defense of Momolo Todesco, n.p.10. Testimony of Giuseppe Battistella, 12 August 1745, 3 v.11. Testimony of Giacomina Bisi, 2 May 1746, n.p.12. The court followed a lead provided by Battistella, who gave them the name Perina Colloredo. They did not find a Perina Colloredo, but they did find a Laura Giordani, whose husband was Zorzi Colloredo; this also led them to Laura’s daughter Francesca, who also practiced midwifery though she was unlicensed. Testimony of Laura Giordani, 18 August 1745, fol. 8 r; Testimony of Francesca Colloredo, 18 August 1745, fol. 9 r.13. '…ritrovai… Elisabetta in letto.. gridava da dolori.' Testimony of Giacomina Bornati, 19 August 1745, fol. 11 r.14. ‘L’avrei consegnata alla mia solita donna perché giusto in casi simili la portasse al pio luogo, e subito partita mi portai da donna Faustina vedova che abita in Calle del Liompardo all’Ancoretta.’ Testimony of Giacomina Bornati, 19 August 1745, fol. 11 r.15. Testimony of Giacomina Bornati, 19 August 1745, fol. 11 v-12 r.16. Testimony of Faustina Naduri, 23 August 1745, fol. 17 r.17. Testimony of Catta, 18 August 1745, fols. 9 r-10 v; Testimony of Laura Maruti, 25 August 1745, fols. 17 v-18 v.18. Copia tratta dal libro scaffetta, records 4588 and 4593. The first baby was brought in on 23 February at the sixteenth hour, baptized as Bonifazio, and given to a wet nurse in San Zanipolo (Santi Giovanni e Paolo) parish. The second was brought in on 25 February at the thirteenth hour, baptized Benvenuto, and sent out to a wet nurse in a small rural village nearly a hundred kilometers from Venice. The details of these arrangements would have been recorded in two different registers, one which kept records of babies sent out within the city and another which recorded those sent outside the city. The women in each case would have received 7 lire to care for the baby for the first year; if the babies survived they received 3 lire 10 soldi through age 6, and then 10 lire 10 soldi after age six; in all cases they also received cloth and shoes each year as well. Testimony of Domenico Fasoi, chancellor of the Pietà, 9 September 1745, fol. 29 r.19. ‘Paolina Zambelli … dipendeva da me, et io l’assistivo.’ Testimony of NH Zuanne Grimani, 25 February 1746, n.p.20. Testimony of NH Alvise Abbate Grimani, 25 February 1746, np. The details of this deal were also confirmed by the Grimani’s lawyer, Antonio Dantini, in his testimony on the same date.21. ‘Conobbe le nostre indigenze.’ Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 25 v.22. ‘Incomodi.’ Testimony of NH Zuanne Grimani, 25 February 1746, n.p.23. Testimony of Luigi Ferro, doctor, 25 February 1746; Testimony of Nicolò Prepiani, tailor, 25 February 1746; Testimony of Angelo Soravia, shoemaker, 25 February 1746; Testimony of Anzola Filippi, seamstress, 2 May 1746.24. ‘Viddi una creatura giovane scarma piuttosto malvestita ne bella ne brutta, quale mostrava anni 18 in 19 gravida.’ Testimony of Laura Saligio, 28 August 1745, fol. 20 r. Presumably Paolina was attended by Elisabetta and her paternal grandmother; perhaps the second old woman was her maternal grandmother, but she is not identified anywhere.25. Testimony of Laura Saligio, 28 August 1745, fol. 20 r.26. ‘Mi consegnò una creatura maschio bello, e piuttosto grande.’ Testimony of Maria Bianchi, 30 August 1745, fol. 21 r.27. Testimony of Maria Bianchi, 30 August 1745, fols. 20 v-21 r.28. Fede of Stella, scrivana del Pio Ospedale della Pietà, 26 August 1745.29. Copy of the Libro Scaffetta for 20–21 August 1745, fol. 35 r.30. 'Affare di grande importanza.' Letter from Paolina Zambelli to Giuseppe Zuliani, 24 August 1745, n.p.31. ‘Mi rispose che aveva avuto commercio con diversi NH e che non sapeva di chi potesse esser, con Ebrei mi disse di no.’ Testimony of Giuseppe Zuliani, 26 August 1745, fol. 19 v. Wanting more information, the priest also visited the Pietà and examined their record books. He apparently found a record of a baby handed over at the correct time, but saw no note of a fede, because this was not recorded in the Libro scaffetta but was presumably kept in a different register and set aside for safekeeping.32. One neighbor said she was gone about 20 days and had returned sometime around 3–8 September. Testimony of Maria Campi, 23 September 1745, fol. 37 r.33. ‘Ora è tornata, et è senza pancia.’ Testimony of Maria Girarsi, 16 September 1745, fol. 36 v.34. Testimony of Maria Girarsi, 16 September 1745, fol. 36 v. Calle Colombina is only about fifteen minutes from Corte Morosina on foot, so it is not clear if this statement says something about Venetian concepts of distance or Maria’s imprecise knowledge.35. The unanimous vote to convict occurred on 3 January 1746, and the sentence was publicly announced in Perarolo on 9 January 1746 and in Rialto and San Marco on 15 January 1746.36. Defense of Momolo Todesco, 29 January 1746, n.p.37. ‘Questa era una giovine di anni 18 in 20 in circa scarma piuttosto bassa bella a cui io le dissi qual era il mio dovere, quali erano le mie notizie della pratica di detto Ebreo, la necessità di doverlo licenziar di sua casa, et il mio debito di riferirlo a questo Eccellentissimo Magistrato in caso differente.’ Testimony of Rev. Giuseppe Zuliani, 21 August 1745, fol. 12 v.38. Testimony of Rev. Giuseppe Zuliani, 21 August 1745, fol. 13 r.39. Testimony of NH Zuane Grimani, 25 February 1745, n.p.; Testimony of NH Alvise Abbate Grimani, 25 February 1745, n.p.40. Testimony of Zuanne Zambelli, 2 September 1745, fol. 27 v.41. ‘Mostrò atti di dolore da disperato, e con gridi, e con pianti disse: poveretto mi son disperato.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 35.42. Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitoli 43–44.43. ‘Che alla nostra visita in Perarolo capitavano diverse persone nostri amici, di civil condizione, e di onesti costumi.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 45.44. ‘Che nell’educazione delle nostre figliole e figli abbiamo avute tutte le applicazioni per correggerli, per istruirli nel santo timor di Dio, e di farle insegnare a nostre spese qualche onorato mestiere per loro vantaggio.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 41.45. Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitoli 36–39.46. ‘Che zelanti sacerdoti si sono interessati di locar in Claustrauli chiostri delle Penitenti e Zitelle, il che seguirà con brevità rispettivamente di Antonia fra le Penitenti, e di Santina vergine, nostre figlie, nelle Zitelle.’ Defense of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, capitolo 40.47. ‘Elisabetta è in casa sicura et in buona custodia.’ Testimony of Padre Bernardino Antonio Bastivi, 2 May 1746, n.p.48. ‘Anzoletta è in luogo sicuro.’ Testimony of Padre Bernardino Antonio Bastivi, 2 May 1746, n.p.49. Testimony of Padre Francesco Rossi, 4 May 1746, n.p.50. ‘La castità è sua, il volere è suo, gl’empiti dell’età son suoi, se questi producono in loro il dannoso effetto d’unirle insieme libertà e volere; volere e disonestà, il riparo è spedito, il precipizio è aperto, son perduti non solo con colpa de genitori, ma anche con loro inganno, senza che sappino d’aver in casa una detestabile meretrice quando si credono d’aver una vergine.’ Closing statement Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, not dated (on or after 6 May 1746), n.p.51. Sentences of Zuanne and Benetta Zambelli, 28 June 1746, n.p.52. Young women who had been ‘seduced under pretense of marriage’ frequently brought suit against their lovers if community interventions failed, and in the overwhelming majority of cases, the Esecutori found in favour of the women. Men were sentenced to prison or banishment, which could be avoided through prompt marriage or payment of a dowry. There are 88 such cases in the ASVe, Esecutori contro la bestemmia, bb. 1–53.Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation.
危险的关系,或是18世纪威尼斯家族管理的策略
1745年,一个冗长而不寻常的案件被提交给威尼斯执行法院,这是一个世俗法院,对各种违反道德标准的罪行具有管辖权。来自威尼斯大陆州的两名年轻女子的父母被指控将他们的两个大女儿卖给来自威尼斯犹太人区的犹太男子,以换取经济支持,帮助他们抚养10个孩子。但随着法庭调查这两名年轻女子的关系,这个故事变得复杂得多;其中一个女儿似乎确实与一个已婚的犹太人有关系,这个犹太人答应改变信仰并娶她为妻,而另一个女儿实际上是一个贵族的交际花,由同样的贵族抚养,这个贵族是年轻的贾科莫·卡萨诺瓦的监护人。尽管对于担任法官的贵族来说,任何对年轻女性性行为的剥削都被视为犯罪,但18世纪的普通威尼斯人却有不同的看法。大家庭很难养活,所有成员都尽其所能做出贡献。我们通常认为学徒制、家政服务和计件工作是养家糊口和训练孩子未来生活的关键策略。历史学家早就承认,对女性来说,服役也有遭受性剥削的风险。但是,鼓励婚前关系或性工作作为家庭服务和计件工作的替代,还没有被认为是一种策略。通过微观历史的方法,本文认为Zambelli家庭的案例向我们展示了支持一个大家庭和让女儿离开家庭的更广泛的道德模糊选择,其中许多包括性剥削的威胁,名誉受损和意外怀孕。作者要感谢Elizabeth Cohen教授、Ross Carroll博士和匿名审稿人对本文草稿提出的有益建议。这个更广泛的研究项目是由Gladys Krieble Delmas基金会资助的。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。文献资料来源:《威尼斯国家档案馆》,《疾病控制》,b. 17,“疾病控制”,1745 - 1746.注1。*注意:这一时期的威尼斯文献仍然使用更威尼托风格的日期,在3月1日改变年份。为了避免混淆,我按照现代系统来表示日期;即新年从1月1日开始。Venezia国家档案馆,Esecutori控制la bestemmia, b. 17,“控制Zuanne e Benetta Zambelli, Momolo Todesco, e Giuseppe Piccoli,”谴责,1745年8月11日,foli。2. [注:本试验的对开本编号不一致-有些对开本没有编号,并且有几次重新编号。因此,试验的所有要素都将被标记/标注日期,并在可用的情况下显示开本编号。所有的档案材料都取自这次审判;因此,进一步的引用将只包括标签、日期和(如果有的话)开本号。]在18世纪的都灵,女性的平均结婚年龄是24岁;从事零售/贸易的女性平均得分更高(26分),从事仆人工作的女性平均得分更高(28分)。根据Esecutori control la bestemmia法院的案件,类似的模式在popolano妇女中也很明显,这些案件涉及以婚姻为借口的诱惑,其中大多数提起诉讼的女性都是20多岁,被法院描述为“适婚”。在ASVe, Esecutori control la bestemmia, bb发现的病例。1 - 53.3。1745年8月11日,朱塞佩·巴蒂斯特拉写的谴责书。2.4. 赞贝利证词,1745年9月2日。25 r.5。贝内塔·赞贝利的证词,1745年8月21日,n.p.6。为祖安和贝内塔辩护,国会议员,1746年3月下旬提交,n.p.7。Aveva della inclinazione a detta putta。祖安·赞贝利的证词,1745年9月2日。26 v-27 r。安杰洛·希瓦诺的证词,1745年9月27日。4 r;Angelo Lutato的证词,1745年9月27日,fol。7 v;多梅尼卡·佩金的证词,1745年11月13日。38 r;祖安娜·费菲耶罗的证词,1745年9月29日。19 v.9。莫莫洛·托德斯科的辩护,n.p.10。朱塞佩·巴蒂斯特拉的证言,1745年8月12日,3章11节。贾科米纳·比西的证词,1746年5月2日,n.p.12。法院根据巴蒂斯特拉提供的线索,给了他们Perina Colloredo这个名字。他们没有找到佩里娜·科洛雷多,但他们找到了劳拉·乔尔达尼,她的丈夫是佐齐·科洛雷多;这也让他们找到了劳拉的女儿弗朗西斯卡,她也从事助产工作,尽管她没有执照。劳拉·乔尔达尼的证词,1745年8月18日。8 r;弗朗西斯卡·科洛雷多的证词,1745年8月18日。9 r.13。“……我……我……伊丽莎白……”祝你幸福。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.10
自引率
10.00%
发文量
40
期刊介绍: The History of the Family: An International Quarterly makes a significant contribution by publishing works reflecting new developments in scholarship and by charting new directions in the historical study of the family. Further emphasizing the international developments in historical research on the family, the Quarterly encourages articles on comparative research across various cultures and societies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific Rim, in addition to Europe, the United States and Canada, as well as work in the context of global history.
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