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Fair Use of Geographical Indications: Another Look at the Spirited Debate on the Level of Protection 地理标志的合理使用:再看关于保护水平的激烈辩论
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-08-05 DOI: 10.1017/S1474745622000258
Xinzhe Song, Xiaoyan Wang
{"title":"Fair Use of Geographical Indications: Another Look at the Spirited Debate on the Level of Protection","authors":"Xinzhe Song, Xiaoyan Wang","doi":"10.1017/S1474745622000258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745622000258","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the most contested issues in international trade negotiations is the level of protection granted to geographical indications (GIs). WTO Members are divided between the ‘Old World’ represented by the European Union and the ‘New World’ headed by the United States. For decades, conventional wisdom has suggested that the debate is indeed a disagreement over the terroir idea. This article tackles the debate from a largely unexplored perspective, namely, fair use exceptions, which allows us to find the opposite: even if countries embraced the terroir idea equally, the divide on protection level would persist because of divergent approaches to the fair use of GIs. This divergence derives from countries’ different preferences for balancing conflicting interests, different policy goals, and different understandings of what is ‘fair’. Other countries should take these considerations into account when choosing a protection level suitable for their national conditions and goals.","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"597 - 618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46742513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shifting into Digital Services: Does a Financial Crisis Matter and for Who? 转向数字服务：金融危机重要吗？对谁来说？
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.1017/S1474745622000052
Erik van der Marel
{"title":"Shifting into Digital Services: Does a Financial Crisis Matter and for Who?","authors":"Erik van der Marel","doi":"10.1017/S1474745622000052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745622000052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Did trade patterns in services change into activities that were more digital-intense after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008, and was this shift structural? This paper uses a Difference-in-Difference (DID) approach to investigate whether services trade became more digital-based after the GFC in 2008. It finds support that the GFC formed a break from the previous period that caused services trade to become more digital – although there are signs that this had already started before 2008. Countries with high internet usage and a comparative advantage in digital-intense services, such as R&D, information exchange, computer services, and charges for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), on average saw post-GFC a 6% increase in global exports compared to other non-digital sectors. More striking is that upper-middle income countries and countries with medium levels of skills also witnessed a sharp increase. These significant outcomes may indicate the direction into which patterns of services trade are likely to turn after the current economic crisis resulting from COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"523 - 549"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46691425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The First Ten Years of WTO Jurisprudence on Renewable Energy Support Measures: Has the Dust Settled Yet? WTO可再生能源支持措施判例的第一个十年:尘埃落定了吗?
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1017/S1474745622000180
H. Asmelash
{"title":"The First Ten Years of WTO Jurisprudence on Renewable Energy Support Measures: Has the Dust Settled Yet?","authors":"H. Asmelash","doi":"10.1017/S1474745622000180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745622000180","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The last decade has witnessed the emergence and rise of trade disputes over renewable energy support measures. By pitting trade against the environment, these disputes ignited a considerable debate over the adequacy of the green policy space available under WTO law. This article examines whether and to what extent the first ten years of litigation settled the key issues in this debate by undertaking a systematic analysis of the developments in the case law and in the renewable energy policy landscape. The analysis reveals that the case law has raised more questions than answers and much uncertainty remains as to the scope of the policy space available for the subsidization of renewables. It also highlights how these disputes steered the debate away from the most contentious issue of subsidy regulation to the slam-dunk issue of non-discrimination. In doing so, they helped conceal rather than resolve the green policy space deficit in multilateral renewable energy subsidy governance.","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"455 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56985636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
US Trade Preference and Export Performance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Evidence from the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) 美国对撒哈拉以南非洲国家的贸易优惠与出口绩效:来自《非洲增长与机会法》的证据
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-14 DOI: 10.1017/S1474745622000210
B. Seyoum, R. Abraham
{"title":"US Trade Preference and Export Performance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Evidence from the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)","authors":"B. Seyoum, R. Abraham","doi":"10.1017/S1474745622000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745622000210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) was signed into law in May 2000 to encourage increased trade and investment between the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It provides eligible countries with duty free access to the US market for over 1800 products in addition to those available under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). The benefits extend through 2025. This study explores the link between US trade preferences under AGOA and beneficiary country exports. Using a large US import database, the study examines the extent to which AGOA influences export performance. It also examines the moderating roles of rule of law and foreign direct investment. The results largely indicate that AGOA has a positive and significant effect on beneficiary country exports. It also shows that rule of law moderates the relationship between AGOA and export performance. We believe that AGOA will target foreign direct investment (FDI) to SSA from other advanced regions such as the EU to take advantage of the US market. However, the role of FDI appears to be weak in moderating the relationship between trade preferences (tariff concessions) and exports from beneficiary countries to the US market.","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"573 - 596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41825549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trade vs. Security: Recent Developments of Global Trade Rules and China's Policy and Regulatory Responses from Defensive to Proactive 贸易与安全:全球贸易规则的最新发展和中国从防御到主动的政策和监管反应
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-14 DOI: 10.1017/S147474562200026X
Weihuan Zhou, huiqin jiang, Zhe Chen
{"title":"Trade vs. Security: Recent Developments of Global Trade Rules and China's Policy and Regulatory Responses from Defensive to Proactive","authors":"Weihuan Zhou, huiqin jiang, Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1017/S147474562200026X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S147474562200026X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides a systemic study of China's policy and legal responses to security-related actions and disputes in the international trade regime. It starts with a brief review of the law and practices relating to the security exceptions under the World Trade Organization to provide an important context for understanding the recent developments of China's approaches to national security. Based on a detailed discussion of China's approaches at international and domestic levels, we argue that China's security strategy has been shifting from being defensive to proactive: internationally by seeking to influence the development of trade rules and practices, and domestically by expanding national security to cover a wide spectrum of economic security interests and developing a comprehensive regulatory framework to protect such interests. The way in which major trading nations are taking the law into their own hands, based on ever-expanding security interests, does not bode well for the future of the multilateral trading system. There is a pressing need for collective action by all governments involved to re-design security-related rules and exceptions to confine the use of security measures to agreed parameters.","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"193 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44069414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
WTR volume 21 issue 3 Cover and Back matter WTR第21卷第3期封面和封底
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1474745622000246
{"title":"WTR volume 21 issue 3 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1474745622000246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745622000246","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"b1 - b6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48256565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
20th Anniversary Issue – CORRIGENDUM 20周年纪念版–CORRIGENDUM
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1474745622000222
Judith L. Goldstein, Douglas A. Irwin, A. Sykes
{"title":"20th Anniversary Issue – CORRIGENDUM","authors":"Judith L. Goldstein, Douglas A. Irwin, A. Sykes","doi":"10.1017/s1474745622000222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745622000222","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"389 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49484789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
WTR volume 21 issue 3 Cover and Front matter WTR第21卷第3期封面和封面问题
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1474745622000234
A. Sykes
{"title":"WTR volume 21 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"A. Sykes","doi":"10.1017/s1474745622000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474745622000234","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49177397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Next-Generation Agreements and the WTO 下一代协议和世贸组织
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1474745622000131
K. Claussen
{"title":"Next-Generation Agreements and the WTO","authors":"K. Claussen","doi":"10.1017/S1474745622000131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745622000131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper reviews the trade agreement landscape and argues that the conventional understanding of trade agreements as encapsulated in the WTO Agreements is now outdated. This misperception about trade agreements is not just an institutional insufficiency. Concentration on those agreements has led many practitioners and commentators to underestimate the variable texture of the global trade agreement fabric. But these shortcomings have not inhibited states from concluding innovative alternatives to regulate and manage the cross-border movement of goods and services. As this paper shows, trade-related agreements that do not fit the perceived traditional mold have proliferated. Given these advances, more policy and scholarly attention is required. Accordingly, this paper serves as a roadmap for the accommodation of trade agreements within the WTO and as an agenda for additional research.","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"380 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44836139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Carbon Border Measures, Environmental Effectiveness and WTO Law Compatibility: Is There a Way Forward for the Steel and Aluminium Climate Club? 碳边界措施、环境有效性和WTO法律兼容性：钢铁和铝气候俱乐部有前进的道路吗？
IF 1.3 3区 社会学
World Trade Review Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.1017/S1474745622000209
Giulia Claudia Leonelli
{"title":"Carbon Border Measures, Environmental Effectiveness and WTO Law Compatibility: Is There a Way Forward for the Steel and Aluminium Climate Club?","authors":"Giulia Claudia Leonelli","doi":"10.1017/S1474745622000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745622000209","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With its narrow focus on price-based policies and ‘explicit’ carbon prices, the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) aims to prevent carbon leakage by ensuring that imported products ‘bear’ the same exact economic costs ‘borne’ by EU products. The proposed US border carbon adjustment (BCA) and the recent proposal for a global steel and aluminium arrangement (GSAA), by contrast, reflect a broader focus on environmental equivalence and recourse to punitive or quasi-punitive remedies. All recently proposed carbon border measures suffer from specific limitations. Further, albeit to a different extent, they are all associated with problematic aspects in terms of WTO law compatibility. This research note enquires whether the GSAA could be fine-tuned at the regulatory design stage in such a way as to provide an environmentally effective and WTO law compatible way forward. The analysis illustrates that recourse to an installation-based approach, emission limit values and product standards would achieve these goals. Nonetheless, the implementation of this ambitious strategy would be fraught with political obstacles.","PeriodicalId":46109,"journal":{"name":"World Trade Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"619 - 632"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41554416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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