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‘Rehabilitation aids for the blind’: disability and technological knowledge in Canada, 1947-1985 “盲人康复辅助工具”:1947-1985年加拿大的残疾和技术知识
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2020.1760516
B. Robertson
{"title":"‘Rehabilitation aids for the blind’: disability and technological knowledge in Canada, 1947-1985","authors":"B. Robertson","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2020.1760516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2020.1760516","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Contrary to stereotypes that portray people with disabilities as passive recipients of technological innovation, individuals with sensory and mobility impairments have played key roles in the invention, design and use of adaptive or assistive devices over the course of the twentieth century. This article interrogates this history through a case study focusing on the research program of James Swail, an engineer with the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada from 1947 until 1985. As someone who was himself blind, Swail’s predicated his design work on an asset-based understanding of disability. He strived to disrupt conceptions of both the technological functionality and economic rationality of technologies produced for and by disabled people in mid-twentieth century Canada. Framed within a medical model, however, the overall fate of these machines mirrored back the imagined inability of people with disabilities to become fully participating members of the society in which they lived.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75969283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
About the Cover 关于封面
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2020.1748825
A. Slaton, Tiago Saraiva
{"title":"About the Cover","authors":"A. Slaton, Tiago Saraiva","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2020.1748825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2020.1748825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86451253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Applied geophysics in Brazil and the development of a national oil industry (1930 - 1960) 巴西的应用地球物理学和国家石油工业的发展(1930 - 1960)
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2020.1765618
D. Peyerl, Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa
{"title":"Applied geophysics in Brazil and the development of a national oil industry (1930 - 1960)","authors":"D. Peyerl, Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2020.1765618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2020.1765618","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT From the late nineteenth century onwards the Brazilian state founded several public institutions involved in oil exploration: the Geographical and Geological Commission of São Paulo (CGG, 1886), the Geological and Mineralogical Survey of Brazil (SGMB, 1907), the National Oil Council (CNP, 1938), and the state-run oil company Petrobras (1953). This article details the history of geophysical exploration in Brazil over the first half of the twentieth century and its role in transforming the country into a major oil producer, stressing the involvement of foreign experts and the role of imported technology. It focuses on the close relationship between Brazil and the United States in applying geophysics techniques to scrutinize Brazilian territory in the search for oil while unveiling the commercial and political dimensions of such technoscientific exchanges.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83504959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The ghost factories: histories of automata and artificial life 幽灵工厂:自动机和人工生命的历史
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2020.1757972
Edward Jones‐Imhotep
{"title":"The ghost factories: histories of automata and artificial life","authors":"Edward Jones‐Imhotep","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2020.1757972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2020.1757972","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, automata had always relied on a trick; and they’re still playing it. Imagine a factory. On the shop floor stands a single worker – a young girl. Surrounding her are the hulking frames...","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79621806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Historicizing making and doing: Seymour Papert, Sherry Turkle, and epistemological foundations of the maker movement 历史性的制造和行动:西摩·派珀特、雪莉·特克尔和创客运动的认识论基础
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2020.1759302
Michael Lachney, E. Foster
{"title":"Historicizing making and doing: Seymour Papert, Sherry Turkle, and epistemological foundations of the maker movement","authors":"Michael Lachney, E. Foster","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2020.1759302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2020.1759302","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The field of science and technology studies (STS) has recently formalized a performative category of scholarship called ‘making and doing’. Making and doing recognizes engaged and reflexive practices that help STS claims and ideas travel between social worlds by means other than academic publications and presentations. At this time, little attention has been paid to the historical conditions and epistemologies that helped to construct this category. While STS may appear to be merely exploiting the twenty-first century popularity of the maker movement, we have found that feminist and ethnographic approaches to science played historically significant roles in the epistemic formation and foundation of the movement itself. By tracing the influence of STS on the maker movement to late twentieth century collaborations between Sherry Turkle and Seymour Papert, we aim to interfere in making and doing narratives by proposing to hold STS accountable for the socio-technical world-making in which it is implicated.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87182486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Illuminating the streets, alleys, parks and suburbs of the American City: non-networked technologies, 1870-1920 照亮美国城市的街道、小巷、公园和郊区:1870-1920年的非网络技术
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2020.1739816
J. Tarr
{"title":"Illuminating the streets, alleys, parks and suburbs of the American City: non-networked technologies, 1870-1920","authors":"J. Tarr","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2020.1739816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2020.1739816","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the nineteenth century American cities transitioned from offering minimal services to providing services through networked infrastructures. Among these were street lights fueled largely by coal gas produced by manufactured gas plants and distributed by pipe line and later by electricity, both arc and incandescent. Because of fuel and construction costs, manufactured gas was expensive and uneven, and gas networks were confined to business sectors and affluent neighborhoods. To provide light to dark neighborhoods and suburbs, off-grid stand-alone technologies unconnected to a piped or wired network often supplied illumination. The most common of these were fueled by gasoline and naphtha, byproducts of petroleum distillation aiming primarily to produce kerosene. This pattern was present in many American cities and towns in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Thus, the case of stand-alone gasoline and naphtha street lights presents an important variation to the advance of the networked city.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83210587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Making DNA and its becoming an experimental commodity 制造DNA并使其成为一种实验性商品
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2019.1694125
Dominic J. Berry
{"title":"Making DNA and its becoming an experimental commodity","authors":"Dominic J. Berry","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2019.1694125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2019.1694125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper pursues the history of biology and technology in tandem. It focuses on DNA’s materiality regardless of informational properties. My emphasis on ‘making’ integrates attention to cultures of work in material histories of biology with analyses of the development of technical apparatuses and machines. When it comes to the history of DNA synthesis our materials are as much chemical as they are biological, which means that there is really a third history present, one that also needs to be drawn in, but on its own terms. I demonstrate the ways in which different chemistries have been combined with different technologies, all together affording different arrangements of personnel and biological science. It is a history of how synthesised DNA first came to be, became desired, and became a commodity, available for inclusion in a wide variety of experiments and experimental systems. This method could be replicated for other ‘experimental commodities’.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79262703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Wild toxicity, cultivated safety: aflatoxin and kōji classification as knowledge infrastructure 野生毒性，栽培安全性:黄曲霉毒素和kōji分类作为知识基础
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2019.1694127
Victoria Lee
{"title":"Wild toxicity, cultivated safety: aflatoxin and kōji classification as knowledge infrastructure","authors":"Victoria Lee","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2019.1694127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2019.1694127","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1960, the trajectory of aflatoxin as one of the earliest and best studied cases of a naturally occurring carcinogen in food intersected with the trajectory of an industrial microbe known in the Japanese vernacular as kōji, used for centuries in Japan to make sake, soy sauce, and miso. Over about two decades, the aflatoxin crisis spurred the emergence of a new evolutionary narrative of kōji, Aspergillus oryzae, as a domesticated, non-toxigenic species unique to the Japanese brewery that was clearly distinguishable from its wild, commonly found in nature, and aflatoxin-producing close relative, Aspergillus flavus. It was a shift that came hand-in-hand with the reconstruction of kōji classification. This essay examines the challenges of microbial classification after 1960. By asking how mycologists made a scientific narrative that originated in the interests of Japanese national industries convincing internationally, it explores the knowledge infrastructure that underlay both manufacturing issues and knowledge in microbiology.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86905241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A different kind of synthesis: artificial synthesis of insulin in socialist China 另一种合成:在社会主义中国人工合成胰岛素
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2019.1694124
Vivian Ling, Lijing Jiang
{"title":"A different kind of synthesis: artificial synthesis of insulin in socialist China","authors":"Vivian Ling, Lijing Jiang","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2019.1694124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2019.1694124","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the 1950s, the studies of proteins through their synthesis captured the attention of a number of biochemists. Among teams that set out to chemically synthesize the protein insulin, a large team in the People’s Republic of China achieved success in 1966, months before the Cultural Revolution. By focusing on the ideological refashioning, material arrangement, and organizational style of the project, this paper addresses the political and material dimensions of the project, especially how it was reconstructed as an engineering project in-between biology and chemistry for the young republic. This case was different from the design rationales demonstrated in both American and German cases, in which insulin synthesis was viewed as either a challenging problem for biochemistry or primary research toward making synthetic fibers. The process reveals a fluid topography of the material, social, and political space that a group of biochemists could work with in socialist China.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74327285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Introduction to the special issue Biology and Technology Reframed: historiographical reflections and opportunities 特刊《生物与技术重构:史学反思与机遇》导言
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2019.1694259
K. Rader
{"title":"Introduction to the special issue Biology and Technology Reframed: historiographical reflections and opportunities","authors":"K. Rader","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2019.1694259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2019.1694259","url":null,"abstract":"My first book, Making Mice,1 chronicled the development of the genetically standardized mouse – and in its title, the use of the word ‘making’ was deliberate. Not only did it fulfill my publisher’s...","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81690598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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