{"title":"Psychiatry during National Socialism: Contacts with relatives of the victims of NS-Euthanasia as part of a consequent Memorial Culture.","authors":"Herwig Oberlerchner, Helge Stromberger","doi":"10.1177/0957154X251318501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X251318501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crimes against humanity took place in many institutions as well as psychiatric departments during the Nazi dictatorship. The cruel and inhumane history of psychiatry during National Socialism is already widely known and broadly published. Victims of the Nazi regime, of the Holocaust, of racism, racial hygiene, and hereditary biology have often been the subjects of scientific inquiry; the relatives and descendants of the killed inpatients have yet to be part of a scientific or psychotherapeutic response. Analogous to the psychiatric-psychotherapeutic approach with traumatized individuals, the procedure \"secure-describe and work through-reconnect\" was used in collective remembrance work and commemorative culture. As an example of one part of this collective memorial process, the grief work undertaken with the relatives of the victims of Nazi crime is presented. A phenomenological description presents the results of contact with 55 relatives and offspring of victims of Nazi crimes in psychiatric or associated institutions during National Socialism.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"957154X251318501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcelo Gulão Pimentel, Klaus Chaves Alberto, Alexander Moreira-Almeida
{"title":"Allan Kardec's theories and methods to investigate the nature of psychical experiences.","authors":"Marcelo Gulão Pimentel, Klaus Chaves Alberto, Alexander Moreira-Almeida","doi":"10.1177/0957154X251316107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X251316107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The French educator Allan Kardec (1804-1869) was one of the first researchers to propose the scientific investigation of psychical experiences and was an influential scholar in Europe during the second half of the 19th Century. However, his life and the outcome of his research in this field are currently little known and often misconstrued. This paper briefly presents Kardec's biography and his first steps in the investigation of psychical phenomena, especially mediumship. Kardec raised and tested several hypotheses on the causes of mediumistic phenomena: fraud; hallucinations; a new physical force; somnambulism (including unconscious cerebration); thought reflection (including telepathy and super-psi); and discarnate minds.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"957154X251316107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"'<i>Pourquoi pas Solanes?</i>' Retracing genealogies of critical psychiatry through the emergence of mass exile and displacement as mental pathologies.","authors":"Mari Paz Balibrea","doi":"10.1177/0957154X251316112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X251316112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article brings together contemporary works by Frantz Fanon and Catalan exile psychiatrist Josep Solanes to consider the simultaneous emergence at the end of the Second World War of discourses articulating the plight of refugees and racialized people through the medium of psychiatric discourses focusing on socially inflicted mental pathologies of exile and displacement. Emphasizing in particular their respective phenomenological approaches, it is argued that their trajectories can be attached to the same genealogy of radical psychiatry emerging in the Global North and then continuing into the Global South (Africa in the case of Fanon, Latin America in that of Solanes) where they were developed and made their impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"957154X251316112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jean-Martin Charcot and Scandinavian literature: On the 200th anniversary of his birth.","authors":"Stanley Finger, Ragnar Stien, Espen Dietrichs","doi":"10.1177/0957154X251316115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X251316115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, a towering figure familiar to late-19th-century physicians, became better known to the laity of different countries through periodicals, books, and plays. This article examines how Charcot influenced the works of four popular Scandinavian authors: Norwegians Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Hans Ernst Kinck, and Øvre Richter Frich, and a Swede, Axel Munthe. These popular novelists and playwrights, all having lived in Paris, provided pictures of different sides of the brilliant and innovative Parisian physician and researcher, who despite his renown was nonetheless criticized for his theories about the hysterias and hypnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"957154X251316115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Harvey Cushing and Sigmund Freud shaking hands: How electrical brain stimulation became a psychoanalytic method to study the unconscious (1870-1955).","authors":"Max van der Linden, Richard Ridderinkhof","doi":"10.1177/0957154X251318494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X251318494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the first half of the 1950s, psychoanalysts and neurosurgeons used electrical brain stimulation to explore hard-to-reach, unconscious psychological processes such as repressed memories, defence mechanisms and sexual identity. The development of evolutionary theory and neurophysiological methods and theory, together with the birth of psychoanalysis, were important precursors to these remarkable stimulation experiments. Experimental, theoretical and clinical antecedents of these stimulation experiments between the 1870s and the 1940s are discussed to show how smoothly the apparently opposing perspectives of psychoanalysis and neurophysiology merged. Two case studies are then briefly described. It is concluded that this striking and brief collaboration demonstrated a pragmatic and eclectic approach that integrated different theories and methods for a more holistic understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"957154X251318494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History of PsychiatryPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241254506
Haszira Muhamad Yusof, Azlizan Mat Enh, Suffian Mansor
{"title":"A history of mental illness among women in the Straits Settlements in the nineteenth century.","authors":"Haszira Muhamad Yusof, Azlizan Mat Enh, Suffian Mansor","doi":"10.1177/0957154X241254506","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0957154X241254506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Straits Settlements, a collective colony under the administration of British Malaya, was a very unhealthy area in the early years of the nineteenth century. One of the most common sicknesses was mental illness, which could not be cured by medicines. The number of women suffering from mental illness was higher than in men, and it was found that there were many internal and external causes. The increasing number of women patients affected the role of mental hospitals, which were not only for treatment purposes, but also for business. This study will discuss the factors causing women to suffer from mental illness, and the role of the asylum for women mental patients in the nineteenth century.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"309-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History of PsychiatryPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241254927
Chiara Thumiger
{"title":"Phrenitis <i>and the pathology of the mind in western medical thought (fifth century BCE to twentieth century cE)</i>.","authors":"Chiara Thumiger","doi":"10.1177/0957154X241254927","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0957154X241254927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Phrenitis</i> is ubiquitous in ancient medicine and philosophy. Galen mentions the disease innumerable times, Patristic authors take it as a favourite allegory of human flaws, and no ancient doctor fails to diagnose it and attempt its cure. Yet the nature of this once famous disease has not been properly understood by scholars. My book provides the first full history of <i>phrenitis</i>. In doing so, it surveys ancient ideas about the interactions between body and soul, both in health and in disease. It also addresses ancient ideas about bodily health, mental soundness and moral 'goodness', and their heritage in contemporary psychiatry, offering a chance to reflect critically on contemporary ideas about what it means to be 'insane'.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"355-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141301849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History of PsychiatryPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1177/0957154X231211727
Leonard Smith
{"title":"The saga of James Lucett and the process for curing insanity, Part 2 (1814-38): 'Insanity cured'.","authors":"Leonard Smith","doi":"10.1177/0957154X231211727","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0957154X231211727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the collapse of the Delahoyde and Lucett joint enterprise, James Lucett resumed practice on his own account. He continued to implement his 'process', promoting it as a unique cure for intractable cases of insanity. For two decades he pursued his activities, with varying success, at different locations in the London area. He maintained his public profile by extensive advertising, letters to newspapers and published pamphlets, extolling his unique 'discovery' and recounting claims of successful cures achieved. Accusations of quackery persisted along with other hostile criticism, particularly from medical men, which Lucett strongly challenged. Periodically he faced more serious difficulties due to legal infractions or financial hardships, but somehow Lucett survived most of these and persevered with his endeavours.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"259-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11363462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138488753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History of PsychiatryPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241248720
Olivier Walusinski, Anna Fitzgerald
{"title":"Cheerfulness in the history of psychiatry.","authors":"Olivier Walusinski, Anna Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1177/0957154X241248720","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0957154X241248720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1762, Louis-Antoine Marquis de Caraccioli (1719-1803), a prolific writer of the eighteenth century, dedicated a book to a psychological theme that medicine has forgotten: '<i>gaité</i>' in French, which we will translate as 'cheerfulness'. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this work inspired two doctoral theses in medicine, one defended in Montpellier, the other in Paris. In their texts, Louis Monferran (1785-?) and Vincent Rémi Giganon (1794-1857) explored the therapeutic benefits of the medical prescription of cheerfulness. In addition to lifestyle recommendations, they focused on the psychotropic substances available to them: alcohol, coca, hemp and opiates. In an original and novel way, Giganon introduced and recommended '<i>le gaz oxydule d'azote inspiré</i>', or inhaled nitrous oxide gas.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"323-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141157740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History of PsychiatryPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1177/0957154X241246385
Alejandro Parra
{"title":"Human radiation for medicine, spiritism and hypnosis in Argentina: scientific controversies around vital radiations (1880-1930).","authors":"Alejandro Parra","doi":"10.1177/0957154X241246385","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0957154X241246385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the mid-nineteenth century, magnetic theories penetrated other recognized medical practices in Argentina in order to rationalize their procedures, in a culture that accepted and validated magnetism as a positive science. At the start of the twentieth century, mesmerists created a society, published books and journals, and carried out a large welfare programme; there were public lectures, and magnetic treatment for spiritualists and the general public, emphasizing the therapeutic properties of mesmerism. Magnetologists/mesmerists measured vital radiation and built devices using sensitive objects as 'physical' evidence of it. There was an interest in acquiring and using artefacts to measure human radiation useful in medicine. Magnetic practices survived until the end of the 1920s, when they lost importance.</p>","PeriodicalId":45965,"journal":{"name":"History of Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"293-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}