Journal of Academic Ethics最新文献_第3页

Citation Ethics: An Exploratory Survey of Norms and Behaviors 引文道德：规范与行为的探索性调查

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09539-2

Samuel V. Bruton, Alicia L. Macchione, Mitch Brown, Mohammad Hosseini

{"title":"Citation Ethics: An Exploratory Survey of Norms and Behaviors","authors":"Samuel V. Bruton, Alicia L. Macchione, Mitch Brown, Mohammad Hosseini","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09539-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09539-2","url":null,"abstract":"The ethics of citation has attracted increased attention in recent discussions of research and publication ethics, fraud and plagiarism. Little attempt has been made, however, to situate specific citation misbehaviors in terms of broader ethical practices and principles. To investigate researchers’ perceptions of citation norms, we surveyed active US researchers receiving federal funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Participants (n = 257) were asked about citation norms they endorse (norm reports), the behaviors they perceive others to engage in (peer reports), and their own citation behaviors (self-reports). Our analyses showed that while considerable discrepancies exist between norm reports, peer reports and self-reports, respondents’ discipline has no significant effect on these. Participants indicated that their own practices and that of their peers falls short of the norms they endorse, but that their own behavior is much less ethically deficient than that of their peers. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that ethically questionable citation behaviors could be grouped usefully into three categories: strategic citations, neglectful citations, and blind citations. Contrary to our hypothesis, the survey showed that greater experience does not always result in better citation practices. A particularly divisive issue pertained to intentionally citing authors from underrepresented demographic groups for reasons of social justice, but broad support for this practice is lacking, although arts and humanities scholars are slightly more supportive. Most researchers view questionable citation practices as negatively affecting their disciplines. Our findings suggest the need for clearer articulations of the citation norms and improved guidance and training about citations.","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Persistence of Gender Bias in Student Evaluations of Teaching: The Role of Gender Stereotypes 学生教学评价中持续存在的性别偏见：性别刻板印象的作用

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09535-6

Oshrit Kaspi Baruch

{"title":"The Persistence of Gender Bias in Student Evaluations of Teaching: The Role of Gender Stereotypes","authors":"Oshrit Kaspi Baruch","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09535-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09535-6","url":null,"abstract":"Student evaluations of teaching (SET) are typically highly biased. In this paper, three experiments are reported, examining gender bias in SET by manipulating lecturer gender and counterstereotypes. Each experiment involved a vignette about a lecture, with a different context: Study 1 − noisy students disrupting the lesson; Study 2 − students asking for consideration; Study 3 − neutral context of a routine lecture. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that the effect of lecturer gender on SET depended on the context and was both directly (Study 1) and indirectly (Studies 2 and 3) mediated by gender stereotypes. The effect of student's gender was indirect and mediated by gender stereotypes in all studies. Counterstereotypical descriptions did not affect stereotypical perceptions in any of the experiments. The findings are discussed in terms of social dominance theory (SDT) and social role theory (SRT). They offer novel insights into the mechanism that explains gender and context bias in SET. In terms of practical implications, SET should be considered with caution, particularly when used for critical decisions such as tenure status. Finally, applying additional assessments and statistical methods to control for gender bias is important.","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Balancing Different Legal and Ethical Requirements in the Construction of Informed Consents in Qualitative International Collaborative Research Across Continents - Reflections from a Scandinavian Perspective 在跨洲定性国际合作研究中平衡知情同意书构建过程中的不同法律和伦理要求--斯堪的纳维亚视角的思考

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09536-5

Stinne Glasdam, Katharina Ó. Cathaoir, Sigrid Stjernswärd

{"title":"Balancing Different Legal and Ethical Requirements in the Construction of Informed Consents in Qualitative International Collaborative Research Across Continents - Reflections from a Scandinavian Perspective","authors":"Stinne Glasdam, Katharina Ó. Cathaoir, Sigrid Stjernswärd","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09536-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09536-5","url":null,"abstract":"International research collaborations engage multiple countries, researchers, and universities. This enhances the magnitude of contextual challenges, including legal and ethical dimensions across various jurisdictions, that must be bridged in qualitative research regardless of discipline, also in the construction of informed consents. From a Scandinavian perspective, this discussion paper explores challenges pertaining to the construction of informed consents related to EU data protection legislation, to which research institutions are subject when processing data related to EU residents. Next, it discusses challenges related to different traditions in terms of handling informed consent and research participants’ integrity, including the possibilities to waive anonymity in research. In international, multidisciplinary studies where researchers also operate in relatively ‘unknown territory’, it is especially important to be aware of and reflect on (inter)national possibilities and limitations related to laws, ethics, and culture/traditions in societies and within the academic fields. The variations in laws, ethical guidelines, and traditions in different countries demand that researchers are up to date with laws and ethical guidelines in the studied countries. Their practical implementation in the countries at stake in international, collaborative research endeavours are important, especially since such regulations and guidelines are far from static and change over time. The implementation of good ethical research practice requires democratic, reflexive, and responsive processes in all phases of research. Especially the preparation phase functions as a period to increase and ensure the knowledge and legal/ethical competences of the entire research team to meet the demands in the countries at stake.","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141166856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Academic Misconduct Epidemic in Pandemic: Institutional Academic Integrity Promotion in Online Education 大流行病中的学术不端行为流行：在线教育中的机构学术诚信宣传

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09534-7

Nalan Erçin Kamburoğlu, Salim Razı

引用次数: 0

Plagiarism and Wrong Content as Potential Challenges of Using Chatbots Like ChatGPT in Medical Research 剽窃和错误内容是在医学研究中使用 ChatGPT 等聊天机器人的潜在挑战

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09533-8

Sam Sedaghat

引用次数: 0

Human Research Ethics Review Challenges in the Social Sciences: A Case for Review 社会科学中的人类研究伦理审查挑战：审查案例

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09532-9

Jim Macnamara

{"title":"Human Research Ethics Review Challenges in the Social Sciences: A Case for Review","authors":"Jim Macnamara","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09532-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09532-9","url":null,"abstract":"Ethical conduct is a maxim in scholarly research as well as scholarly endeavour generally. In the case of research involving humans, few if any question the necessity for ethics approval of procedures by ethics boards or committees. However, concerns have been raised about the appropriateness of ethics approval processes for social science research arguing that the orientation of ethics boards and committees to biomedical and experimental scientific research, institutional risk aversion, and other factors lead to over-protection of research participants and overly restrictive processes that delay and sometimes prevent important social science research. This is particularly significant when social science research is required to respond to social, environmental, or health emergencies and in contract research projects for the reasons explained. This analysis of an ethics approval case study adds to increasing concerns that ethics approval processes can have perverse effects in the social sciences. While a single case study does not provide generalizable findings, in-depth analysis of a significant case can identify issues that need to be further explored. Recommendations offer pathways for facilitating social science research including in emergency situations in which timeliness is important and in collaborative approaches such as participatory action research, while maintaining high ethical standards.","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Minimizing Questionable Research Practices – The Role of Norms, Counter Norms, and Micro-Organizational Ethics Discussion 尽量减少有问题的研究实践--规范、反规范和微观组织伦理讨论的作用

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09520-z

Solmaz Filiz Karabag, Christian Berggren, Jolanta Pielaszkiewicz, Bengt Gerdin

{"title":"Minimizing Questionable Research Practices – The Role of Norms, Counter Norms, and Micro-Organizational Ethics Discussion","authors":"Solmaz Filiz Karabag, Christian Berggren, Jolanta Pielaszkiewicz, Bengt Gerdin","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09520-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09520-z","url":null,"abstract":"Breaches of research integrity have gained considerable attention due to high-profile scandals involving questionable research practices by reputable scientists. These practices include plagiarism, manipulation of authorship, biased presentation of findings and misleading reports of significance. To combat such practices, policymakers tend to rely on top-down measures, mandatory ethics training and stricter regulation, despite limited evidence of their effectiveness. In this study, we investigate the occurrence and underlying factors of questionable research practices (QRPs) through an original survey of 3,005 social and medical researchers at Swedish universities. By comparing the role of the organizational culture, researchers´ norms and counter norms, and individual motivation, the study reveals that the counter norm of Biasedness—the opposite of universalism and skepticism—is the overall most important factor. Thus, Biasedness was related to 40–60% of the prevalence of the questionable practices. The analysis also reveals the contradictory impact of other elements in the organizational environment. Internal competition was positively associated with QRP prevalence, while group-level ethics discussions consistently displayed a negative association with such practices. Furthermore, in the present study items covering ethics training and policies have only a marginal impact on the prevalence of these practices. The organizational climate and normative environment have a far greater influence. Based on these findings, it is suggested that academic leaders should prioritize the creation and maintenance of an open and unbiased research environment, foster a collaborative and collegial climate, and promote bottom-up ethics discussions within and between research groups.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140562910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Perception of Research Misconduct in a Spanish University 西班牙一所大学对科研不端行为的看法

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09526-7

Ramón A. Feenstra, Carlota Carretero García, Emma Gómez Nicolau

{"title":"Perception of Research Misconduct in a Spanish University","authors":"Ramón A. Feenstra, Carlota Carretero García, Emma Gómez Nicolau","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09526-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09526-7","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies on research misconduct have already explored and discussed its potential occurrence in universities across different countries. However, little is known about this issue in Spain, a paradigmatic context due to its consolidated scientific evaluation system, which relies heavily on metrics. The present article attempts to fill this gap in the literature through an empirical study undertaken in a specific university: Universitat Jaume I (Castelló). The study was based on a survey with closed and open questions; almost half the total population of the university’s researchers participated (505 out of 1030, i.e. 49.03%), yielding a representative sample of different academic career stages and areas of knowledge. Results show that 71.68% (n = 362) of the respondents consider at least one form of misconduct to be proliferating in their area of knowledge at the national level. This figure falls to 48.95% (n = 247) in reference to misconduct in their own institution. The most frequently reported types of misconduct linked to life with colleagues are especially the use of personal influence (in evaluation or review processes); lax supervision of doctoral theses; and the abuse of power over people in lower positions. Personal ambitions and pressure from the evaluation system are regarded as the most influential causes of misconduct proliferation, according to academics at this Spanish university.","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Teachers’ Ideas about what and how they Contribute to the Development of Students’ Ethical Compasses. An Empirical Study among Teachers of Dutch Universities of Applied Sciences 教师对培养学生道德指南针的内容和方式的看法。荷兰应用科学大学教师的实证研究

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09525-8

Lieke Van Stekelenburg, Chris Smerecnik, Wouter Sanderse, Doret J. De Ruyter

{"title":"Teachers’ Ideas about what and how they Contribute to the Development of Students’ Ethical Compasses. An Empirical Study among Teachers of Dutch Universities of Applied Sciences","authors":"Lieke Van Stekelenburg, Chris Smerecnik, Wouter Sanderse, Doret J. De Ruyter","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09525-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09525-8","url":null,"abstract":"In this empirical study, we investigate what and how teachers in Dutch universities of applied sciences (UAS) think they contribute to the development of students’ ethical compasses. Six focus groups were conducted with teachers across three programmes: Initial Teaching Education, Business Services, and Information and Communication Technology. This study revealed that teachers across the three different professional disciplines shared similar ideas about what should be addressed in the development of students’ ethical compasses. Their contributions were grouped into three core themes: creating students’ moral awareness, developing students’ moral skills and promoting students’ moral professional behaviour. The majority of the teachers used a wide range of planned and unplanned pedagogic–didactic actions (reflecting individual learning and cooperative and group learning) to enhance the development of students’ ethical compasses. However, teachers’ strategies were mostly unstructured and unreflective and depended on the individual teacher’s ability and knowledge to address moral themes. Furthermore, the study revealed two incompatible ideals: as role models, the teachers aimed to exemplify explicitly how to be a professional with an ethical compass. However, they also wanted to adopt a neutral stance because they were afraid to manipulate the students’ ethical compasses. Therefore, they avoided promoting the ethical compass that they believed to be the best.","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research Ethics Committee and Integrity Board Members’ Collaborative Decision Making in Cases in a Training Setting 研究伦理委员会和诚信委员会成员在培训环境中合作决策的案例

IF 1.8

Journal of Academic Ethics Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-024-09521-y

{"title":"Research Ethics Committee and Integrity Board Members’ Collaborative Decision Making in Cases in a Training Setting","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10805-024-09521-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09521-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> This research focuses on how research ethics committee and integrity board members discuss and decide on solutions to case scenarios that involve a dimension of research ethics or integrity in collaborative settings. The cases involved issues around authorship, conflict of interest, disregard of good scientific practice and ethics review, and research with vulnerable populations (children and neonates). The cases were set in a university, a hospital, or a research institute. In the research, we used a deductive qualitative approach with thematic analysis. Twenty-seven research ethics committee and research integrity board members from 16 European countries and one country outside Europe participated. Participants represented natural and life sciences, social sciences, and humanities. They worked on cases involving ethical/integrity issues in six different constellations. Results show that experts apply key elements of ethical decision making, namely identification of ethical issues, stakeholders, guidelines, solutions, and own positionality, in dealing collaboratively with ethics/ integrity problems, and the nature of the application depends on the complexity of the case. Understanding how individuals knowledgeable in research ethics and integrity, in this case, individuals serving on research ethics committees and integrity boards, approach ethical/ moral issues can help to identify strategies that may be useful in the development of research ethics and integrity training for junior researchers who may benefit from learning professional strategies.","PeriodicalId":45961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Academic Ethics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0