Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education最新文献

{"title":"Integrating Cultural Perspectives into International Interdisciplinary Work","authors":"Karen I. Trebitz,&nbsp;Scott Fennema,&nbsp;Keegan Hicks","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3351.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3351.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There are well-established methods for working in interdisciplinary natural resource management settings, but place-based cultural differences are often poorly integrated into interdisciplinary projects. Intercultural adequacy is necessary to ensure that water management strategies are acceptable within the local contexts of water users. In this study we followed four cohorts of graduate students from Canada, Chile, Cuba, and the United States that participated in an international graduate-level water resource management course hosted at the Universidad de Concepción in Chile. The North American students participated in post-experience surveys and interviews to assess changes in their interdisciplinary and intercultural comfort levels. The interviews and survey identified factors that enhanced or detracted from their progress towards integrating disciplinary and cultural differences into their work. Though course material promoted interdisciplinary collaborations across various disciplinary cultures, participants noted that traditional methods of integrating did not adequately bridge differences in place-based cultural worldviews. We propose a framework developed during the experience to integrate place-based cultural differences into all phases of the interdisciplinary research and natural resource management processes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3351.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46893226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flood Hazard Awareness at Old Dominion University: Assessment and Opportunity","authors":"Nicole S. Hutton,&nbsp;Michael J. Allen","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3352.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3352.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Building resilience to flooding is a commitment of several universities; however, student interest in flood education programs is unclear. The goals of this research are three-fold: 1) to determine the origin of flood messaging on the Old Dominion University (ODU) campus, 2) to assess on-campus flood awareness, and 3) to evaluate the interest in additional flood education. This study evaluates student awareness of flooding via a survey of ODU students and contextual analysis of University warning messages. Many students experienced reduced access to campus as a result of flooding and expressed an interest in additional flood information. Some students reported receiving flood-related information through in-class instruction or orientation-based programming. However, the content varies in detail, and ODU could formally integrate additional resources into outreach and flood education programming. These findings could support the development of a campus wide flood awareness program at ODU and other universities.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3352.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41822785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and Discrepancies in Water-related University Rankings: Is There a Need for More Consistency or Is There Value in Breadth?","authors":"Pablo A. Garcia-Chevesich,&nbsp;Jonathan O. Sharp,&nbsp;John E. McCray","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3350.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3350.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>A</b>ccess to clean water is an urgent and socially relevant global issue, as recognized by the U.S. National Academy of Engineers and most other global scientific agencies. Universities directly inform advances in this domain, serve as a training ground for practitioners who address challenges in water supply and quality, and more broadly educate scientifically literate citizens. However, it is challenging for students seeking information on university degree programs such as Hydrology or other water-focused areas to find consistent information about programs, in part because of the disciplinary diversity of this subject. Ranking systems typically focus on more traditional departmental groupings (i.e., geosciences, civil &amp; environmental engineering, public health, etc.). While special rankings do occur for water science and engineering related programs, they are topically incorporated within various categories, including “Hydrology and water resources”, “Water resources engineering”, “Water treatment and sanitation”, “Environmental and health sciences”, and others that span traditional departments and have multiple homes within and across institutions. These may involve categories that are absent at a particular university that has strengths in the co-listed category. For instance, our home institution of Colorado School of Mines (or “Mines”) offers well regarded degrees and/or research programs in Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Geophysics, Geology, and Hydrology, but lacks Public Health or Health Sciences degrees. Ultimately, water-focused domains of study fall outside of traditional degrees, groupings, and associated metrics leading to challenges in assessing strengths across both disciplines and degree programs.</p><p>Several ranking systems exist that rate universities based on their strength in a specific discipline, including water resources, but the metrics for each are quite different. Ranking systems are based on multiple factors including prestige of faculty members and publications, research funding, number and impact of publications, search engine traffic, international visibility, graduates in positions of influence, patent generation, perception by peer institutions, and financial sustainability, among others. The <i>QS World University Rankings</i> (QS), for example, is a ranking of the world's top universities (not degree programs) produced by Quacquarelli Symonds, that synthesizes peer rankings from thousands of scholars, academics, and recruiters in conjunction with Scopus citations, faculty/student ratios, and staff and student numbers. The <i>Times Higher Education World University Rankings</i> (THEWU), on the other hand, assesses universities using five categories: teaching, research, citations (research influence), salary of graduates, and international reputation based on surveys. Another influential ranking system is the <i>Academic Ranking of World Universities</i> (ARWU), also known as “<i>Shang","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3350.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46166662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Characteristics and Human Activity Influence Turbidity and Ion Concentrations in Streams","authors":"Erin E. Scott,&nbsp;Brian E. Haggard","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3353.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3353.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All 54 km of the West Fork of the White River (WFWR) were on Arkansas's 303(d) list of impaired waterbodies for turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and sulfate for many years. This study identifies which river segments fail to meet applicable water quality standards (WQS) and investigates possible anthropogenic or natural sources of pollutants. We also evaluated a larger dataset of 119 sites in the Boston Mountains and Ozark Highlands ecoregions, compiled from the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality online database. In the WFWR, water samples were collected once or twice a month at nine sites from June 2014 through June 2018. Median values for turbidity, TDS, sulfate, and chloride ranged from 1.8 to 10.8 NTU, 40.8 to 151.3 mg/L, 3.5 to 27.9 mg/L, and 3.2 to 5.5 mg/L, respectively, and generally increased from upstream to downstream (p &lt; 0.05). Violations of the water quality standard for the parameters of interest varied by site, but generally occurred in the downstream portion of the WFWR, where land use, riparian soils, and underlying geology change. In the larger dataset, turbidity, TDS, sulfate, and chloride concentrations were all significantly greater in the Ozark Highlands than the Boston Mountains ecoregion (p &lt; 0.05). Anthropogenic activities influence dissolved ion concentrations across these study sites, while geology and riparian soils may be important factors for differences in sulfate and turbidity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3353.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42181839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Remote Sensing to Discover Historic Context of Human-Environmental Water Resource Dynamics","authors":"Zach Brecheisen,&nbsp;Nicholas Hamp-Adams,&nbsp;Abigail Tomasek,&nbsp;Erika J. Foster,&nbsp;Timothy Filley,&nbsp;Martín Villalta Soto,&nbsp;Lucia Zuniga Reynoso,&nbsp;Andre de Lima Moraes,&nbsp;Darrell G. Schulze","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3346.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3346.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analysis of historic and contemporary high-resolution imagery can help to fill knowledge gaps in land cover and management history in locations where documentation is non-existent or records are difficult to access. Historic imagery dating back to the 1960s can be used to structure quantitative investigation and mapping of land use and land cover change across space and time to enhance earth science, policy, and social science research. Imagery can further inform municipal planning and implementation in areas of natural resource allocation, infrastructure, and hazard mitigation. For management and public education, historic imagery can help people to understand environmental processes and the impacts of human activity in the local environment. Here we emphasize the value of high-resolution historic satellite imagery from the Corona and Keyhole satellite programs to inform environmental research, public education, and environmental management. Within the Region of Arequipa in southern Peru we highlight examples of urban development, agricultural expansion, river channelization, and glacial retreat via comparison of historic and modern satellite imagery. By incorporating these types of historic imagery data in formats accessible to non-professionals, public engagement as well as research into human-environmental investigations will be greatly enhanced.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3346.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42740703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Pilot Smart Irrigation System for Peruvian Highlands","authors":"Santiago Guevara,&nbsp;Yogang Singh,&nbsp;Austin Shores,&nbsp;Juan Mercado,&nbsp;Mauricio Postigo,&nbsp;Jose Garcia,&nbsp;Brittany Newell","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3344.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3344.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With growing developments in the technology of cloud storage and the Internet of Things, smart systems have become the latest trend in major agricultural regions of the world. The Arequipa and Caylloma provinces of Peru are highly productive agricultural areas that could benefit from these technologies. This region has low precipitation, generally less than 100 mm per year. Electricity is not available in most of the agricultural fields, limiting the types of irrigation methods and technologies that can be supported. Currently, 20 ponds supplied by water runoff from the Andean glaciers are used for irrigating approximately 545 hectares of land in the Majes district (Caylloma province). In order to develop optimal techniques for water irrigation in Arequipa and improve the infrastructure, there is a need for development of a smart water irrigation system applicable to the existing conditions in the region. The current study proposes a pilot smart water irrigation framework comprised of a drip irrigation module, wireless communication module, and a sensor network for intelligently regulating water flow from the cloud. In this study, a TEROS 12 soil moisture sensor is connected to a Digi XBee wireless module for collecting measurements of volumetric water content, temperature, and electrical conductivity, which are sent through a secure IP gateway to the cloud. A user-friendly web interface is available for end-users to access and analyze real-time data. The proposed framework is easily implementable, low-cost, and is predicted to conserve water through optimization of irrigation cycles based on a set moisture threshold.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3344.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48185490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating a Collaboration Framework to Evaluate International University-led Water Research Partnerships","authors":"Katy E. Mazer,&nbsp;Anna Erwin,&nbsp;Ruxandra Popovici,&nbsp;Edwin Bocardo-Delgado,&nbsp;Laura C. Bowling,&nbsp;Zhao Ma,&nbsp;Linda S. Prokopy,&nbsp;Carlos Zeballos-Velarde","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3342.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3342.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a globalized world, universities are forming partnerships to solve today's water-related challenges, such as increasing water scarcity and diminished water quality. Over the past 20 years, international university-led water research partnerships have been growing in number, including between the U.S. and countries in the Global South. While there are several examples of guidelines and best practices for executing collaborations, none focus on this type of partnership. Additionally, many international collaborations are formed between universities that have little previous experience in developing these types of partnerships. Often, critiques of partnerships happen after initiation and point to structural barriers and best practices for future collaborations, but few offer practical guidance on overcoming obstacles early on, amid an imperfect partnership. In this paper, we created a flexible collaboration framework which can be used as an evaluative tool. To model this, we conducted an internal evaluation of the Sustainable Water Management team of the Arequipa Nexus Institute, a collaboration designed to build research capacity at the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín to address local issues related to agriculture, natural resource management, and environmental change. Results highlighted project strengths and weaknesses and offered strategies to address challenges that many collaborations face. This strategy identification can serve as a guideline for improving the implementation of new or existing international university-led water research partnerships and help partners as they confront challenges at every stage of the partnership. The evaluation shows the effectiveness of using a collaboration framework as an assessment tool for international university-led water research partnerships.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3342.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49541808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coproduction Challenges in the Context of Changing Rural Livelihoods","authors":"Ruxandra Popovici,&nbsp;Katy E. Mazer,&nbsp;Anna E. Erwin,&nbsp;Zhao Ma,&nbsp;José P. Pinto Cáceres,&nbsp;Laura C. Bowling,&nbsp;Edwin F. Bocardo-Delgado,&nbsp;Linda S. Prokopy","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3348.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3348.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Coproduction is a process that involves scientists and citizens engaging throughout the production of knowledge, decisions, and/or policies. This approach has been widely applied in an international context for addressing global environmental issues. It is customary for scientists to travel to rural communities, where both scientists and local knowledge holders work together and jointly design solutions to pressing problems. Such collaboration, however, often involves high costs for both residents and scientists, which can reduce project effectiveness. This study examines the challenges associated with coproduction in the context of changing rural livelihoods in beneficiary communities. We specifically conduct a self-analysis of the coproduction process led by our own university team, where scientists designed tools for water and crop management together with community members in Peru's Caylloma province. We collected qualitative data on the coproduction challenges in five local districts in Caylloma, using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Our results indicate that changing socioeconomic conditions in rural communities undermined the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of the coproduction efforts and deliverables. These included increased migration, market integration, and reliance on regional institutions for water and crop management.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3348.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49293365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Arequipa's Hydrometeorological Monitoring Infrastructure to Support Water Management Decisions","authors":"André Geraldo de Lima Moraes,&nbsp;Edwin Bocardo-Delgado,&nbsp;Laura C. Bowling,&nbsp;Fariborz Daneshvar,&nbsp;José Pinto,&nbsp;Alec Hale Watkins,&nbsp;Keith Aric Cherkauer","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3343.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3343.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hydrometeorological monitoring of weather, streamflow, and water quality is essential for understanding available water resources, protecting populations from hazard, and identifying changes in environmental conditions over time. To meet such competing goals, monitoring networks require representative parameters, uniform sampling protocols, and stable locations, selected to reliably measure the phenomenon of interest. However, budgets are always limited, and immediate operational needs and short-term decisions often influence monitoring decisions. Here, the hydrometeorological monitoring systems in Arequipa, Peru, are examined with respect to established criteria for their ability to support these competing goals. The Arequipa Department in Peru has a well-established, stable, weather monitoring program, although reliance on manual observers results in variable data quality. The lack of observations in high altitude areas limits estimation of water availability, and high temporal resolution, automatic stations are needed to improve flash flood warnings. The streamflow monitoring system is designed to quantify water transfers throughout this heavily managed system. Twenty-one discharge monitoring stations were identified to serve as Historic Hydrologic Reference Stations, but many were only operational in the 1960s and 1970s and cannot be used to evaluate environmental trends. Twelve stations are identified that should be maintained for establishment of a future reference network. State sponsored water quality monitoring in the Department is fairly new, and a stratified sampling method has been used to maximize sample locations. Uniform sampling in fewer locations along intermediate sized tributaries, at least two times per year, would improve the reliability of the system and allow better detection of change over time.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3343.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49283019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities of International University Partnerships to Support Water Management","authors":"Edwin F. Bocardo-Delgado,&nbsp;Katy E. Mazer,&nbsp;Laura C. Bowling","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3341.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3341.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>H</b>istorically water scarce regions such as the Central Andes in South America are particularly vulnerable to changes in water supply and demand and are struggling to adopt a more participatory model of integrated water management. Inclusive engagement principles have been used successfully in many locations to improve agricultural and water management; however, there are several barriers to transference of similar practices to Latin America. For example, collaborative research arrangements between U.S. and Latin American universities are desirable to develop sustained research programs on appropriate integrated water management techniques, but institutional barriers and the lack of a culture of applied research and extension that is responsive to community needs may limit the effectiveness of research partnerships. Additional barriers to participatory management exist at the community level, including traditional limitations such as low institutional capacity, traditional gender roles, and authoritarian structure, as well as emerging issues related to changing rural livelihoods. This article examines opportunities and threats associated with an emergent partnership between Purdue University (Purdue) in Indiana, USA, and Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa (UNSA) in Arequipa, Peru. It serves as the introduction to this Special Issue exploring water resources risks in Arequipa, Peru, as well as potential barriers and strategies to support water management adaptation.</p><p>Globally, many drivers such as population growth, climate change, and changing income and consumer preferences are dramatically altering water resources management. In water scarce regions that rely on irrigated agriculture in particular, the intrinsic linkage between land and water management (Chen et al. <span>2018</span>) means new sustainable management frameworks must be developed to minimize environmental impacts on both resources (Brack et al. <span>2017</span>). However, in some countries the lack of technical knowledge, infrastructure, and human capacity means that well-intentioned sustainable management frameworks do not achieve the expected results in the management of water resources (Maestu <span>1997</span>; Ortiz Acosta and Romo Aguilar <span>2016</span>; Rivera-Marquez et al. <span>2017</span>; Ruiz <span>2019</span>). In Peru, although a complete revision of the national water policy in 2009 provides a general framework for the proper management of water resources, its application is limited (Robert <span>2019</span>).</p><p>At the same time, Peruvian Canon Law No. 27506 provides a source of funding to enhance Peruvian water management infrastructure (Congreso de la Republica <span>2001</span>). This law invokes a tax, collected by the State, on the economic exploitation of natural resources. According to Article 6.2, regional and local governments should use funding from this tax exclusively for the financing or co-financing of regional and ","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.3341.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42065172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}