Tzu Chi Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of leukocyte depletion of packed red blood cells for the prevention of clinically observed transfusion reactions at a medical center in Eastern Taiwan.","authors":"Kai-Yun Su, Jing-Chun Huang, Jing-Yi Lin, Chun-Chun Chang","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_47_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_47_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The incidence of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) is correlated with the level of cytokines released by donor leukocytes in blood bags during storage, which is the most common transfusion reaction. The study aimed to reveal whether the use of leukocyte-poor red blood cells (LPRBCs) can reduce the incidence of transfusion reactions to promote patient safety.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>From January 2014 to June 2022, 158,122 blood transfusion reports were collected from a medical center in Eastern Taiwan. Data were categorized into three groups according to usage: prepromotion use of LPRBCs (January 2014-April 2016), promotion use of LPRBCs (May 2016 to February 2018), and full utilization of LPRBCs (March 2018 to June 2022). According to the American Association of Blood Bank Common Transfusion Reaction Reporting Form version 2.0 reporting system, FNHTRs were classified as moderate transfusion reactions. We used these data to analyze the association between LPRBC use and transfusion reaction rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At our hospital, the LPRBC usage rate from January 2014 to April 2016, May 2016 to February 2018, and March 2018 to June 2022 was 5.37%, 34.82%, and 56.45%, respectively. The total transfusion reaction rate from January 2014 to April 2016 was 1.66%, whereas the moderate reaction rate was 1.29%. The total transfusion and moderate reaction rates from May 2016 to February 2018 were 1.41% and 1.00%, whereas those from March 2018 to June 2022 were 0.95% and 0.63%, respectively. The total transfusion and moderate reaction rates from March 2018 to June 2022 decreased by 42.8% and 51.2%, respectively, compared with those from January 2014 to April 2016. We further compared the incidence of transfusion reactions caused by packed red blood cells (PRBC) and LPRBC products in different years. The results showed that between 2014 and 2022, the types of blood transfusion reaction caused using PRBC and LPRBC products are the mild transfusion reaction rate of 0.20%/0.20%, the moderate transfusion reaction rate of 1.61%/0.69%, the severe transfusion reaction rates 0.38%/0.16%, and the total transfusion reaction rates 2.19%/1.05%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study results indicate that both total transfusion and moderate reaction rates significantly decreased with increasing LPRBC usage rate. Based on our data analysis, LPRBC is more effective in reducing moderate and severe transfusion reactions than PRBC.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"109-115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress and activating transcription factors in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Ching-Feng Cheng, Evelyn Cheng, Hui-Chen Ku","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_51_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_51_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial organelle associated with cellular homeostasis. Accumulation of improperly folded proteins results in ER stress, accompanied by the reaction involving triggering unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is mediated through ER membrane-associated sensors, such as protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α, and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Prolonged stress triggers cell apoptotic reaction, resulting in cell death. Neuronal cells are especially susceptible to protein misfolding. Notably, ER and UPR malfunctions are linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), delineated by accumulation of misfolded proteins. Notably, ATF family members play key roles in AD and PD pathogenesis. However, the connection between ER stress, UPR, and neuropathology is not yet fully understood. Here, we discuss our present knowledge of the association between ER stress, the UPR, and neurodegeneration in AD and PD. We also discuss the roles of ATF family members in AD and PD pathogenesis. Moreover, we provide a mechanistic clarification of how disease-related molecules affect ER protein homeostasis and explore recent findings that connect the UPR to neuronal plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of netrin G1-netrin-G-ligand-1 in schizophrenia.","authors":"Ayooluwa Gabriel Ibiayo, Luo-Zhu Yang, Ingrid Y Liu","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_83_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_83_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a chronic psychotic disorder that profoundly alters an individual's perception of reality, resulting in abnormal behavior, cognitive deficits, thought distortions, and disorientation in emotions. Many complicated factors can lead to SCZ, and investigations are ongoing to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of this condition. Presynaptic Netrin G1 and its cognate partner postsynaptic Netrin-G-Ligand-1 (NGL-1) have been implicated in SCZ. This review article emphasized the structure and expression of Netrin G1/NGL-1 in the brain, its dysregulation in SCZ patients, and its role in synaptic plasticity, synaptic interaction, learning and memory, microglia neurotrophic activity, and possible signaling between Netrin G1/NGL-1, postsynaptic density protein 95, and cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 in synaptic morphogenesis. Pharmaceutical targets and the potential use of Netrin G1/NGL-1 as treatment targets or biomarkers for SCZ were also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of fibrin sealant in drain-free transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach.","authors":"Wei-Chieh Lin, Ciou-Nan Ye, Chung-Ching Lin, Pornpeera Jitpratoom, Hung-Pin Wu, Yi-Fan Chou","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_41_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_41_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is a minimally invasive technique. This study aimed to compare the safety of TOETVA with fibrin sealant (Tisseel) and TOETVA with drainage.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients who underwent TOETVA between January 2018 and December 2021 were divided into drainage (<i>n</i> = 20) and Tisseel (<i>n</i> = 30) groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary outcome was the incidence of complications. The secondary outcomes were operative time and postoperative pain. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, tumor size, intraoperative blood loss, and hospitalization days between the two groups. No patient required conversion to open thyroidectomy. The incidence of complications and postoperative pain was similar in the two groups. The operative time for TOETVA with Tisseel was significantly shorter than for TOETVA with drainage (<i>P</i> = 0.038).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TOETVA with Tisseel is a safe alternative to TOETVA with drainage, having a short operative time.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"86-90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nocturia, nocturnal polyuria, and nocturnal enuresis in adults: What we know and what we do not know.","authors":"Tien-Lin Chang, Hann-Chorng Kuo","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_53_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_53_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nocturia is defined as the nocturnal frequency of one or more voiding episodes per night. It increases with aging and has an impact on sleep quality and the risks of falling and mortality. Nocturia disorder involves nighttime frequency, nocturnal polyuria, and nocturnal enuresis. In older adults with nocturia disorder, multiple factors could contribute to nocturia severity and characteristics, including poor sleep quality, lower urinary tract dysfunction, and excessive fluid output. Several nonurological medical diseases have been found to result in nocturia, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Urological and medical assessments should be performed to diagnose nocturia disorder. A frequency volume chart to evaluate the nocturnal polyuria index, functional bladder capacity, and urodynamic study can reveal the presence of nocturnal polyuria and lower urinary tract dysfunction. Treatment should be based on multiple nocturia etiologies, and a combination of multiple therapies for individual pathophysiology will achieve a better treatment outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"36 4","pages":"370-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11483088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142477328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do urinary tract infections affect the rate of periprosthetic joint infections in patients who underwent arthroplasty surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Antoninus Hengky, Malvin Tandry, Kevin Gracia Pratama, Pauliana Pauliana, Christopher Kusumajaya, Astrawinata Guatama","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_309_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_309_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a significant issue in orthopedic surgery. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) have been identified as potential causes of PJI; however, evidence is inconclusive. Understanding these relationships is critical for improving therapy and patient outcomes. A systematic review was performed by conducting searches from PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest, and manual searching with adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2020 guideline. Studies that reported UTI/ASB and PJI were included. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model using RevMan 5.4 software. A total of 14 studies were included with UTIs and ASB showed an overall association with increased risk of PJI (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-2.99, <i>P</i> = 0.01). However, subgroup analysis for UTIs and ASB was not significant. Further analysis of UTIs in total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery showed a significant association (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.57-1.96) with PJI. Preoperative UTIs timing between 0 and 2 weeks before surgery showed an increased risk of PJI (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.35-1.55). Antibiotic treatment in ASB did not significantly impact PJI rates. Urine and PJI sample cultures in four studies showed no correlation of microorganisms between the two sites. According to recent evidence, a statistically significant association was found between UTIs and PJI in patients who underwent THA surgery. However, ASB did not yield significant results in relation to PJI. These results should be supported by larger and well-designed studies to make proper clinical suggestion in future. For further research, it is recommended to adopt standardized criteria for outcome measurement and to involve larger sample sizes to enhance the reliability and generalizability of findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"36 3","pages":"275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11236074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 signaling axis in cancer and the development of chemotherapeutic molecules.","authors":"Jui-Hung Yen, Chun-Chun Chang, Hao-Jen Hsu, Chin-Hao Yang, Hemalatha Mani, Je-Wen Liou","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_52_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_52_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemokines are small, secreted cytokines crucial in the regulation of a variety of cell functions. The binding of chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) (stromal cell-derived factor 1) to a G-protein-coupled receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) triggers downstream signaling pathways with effects on cell survival, proliferation, chemotaxis, migration, and gene expression. Intensive and extensive investigations have provided evidence suggesting that the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis plays a pivotal role in tumor development, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, as well as in creating tumor microenvironment, thus implying that this axis is a potential target for the development of cancer therapies. The structures of CXCL12 and CXCR4 have been resolved with experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, or cryo-EM. Therefore, it is possible to apply structure-based computational approaches to discover, design, and modify therapeutic molecules for cancer treatments. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the roles played by the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis in cellular functions linking to cancer progression and metastasis. This review also provides an introduction to protein structures of CXCL12 and CXCR4 and the application of computer simulation and analysis in understanding CXCR4 activation and antagonist binding. Furthermore, examples of strategies and current progress in CXCL12-CXCR4 axis-targeted development of therapeutic anticancer inhibitors are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"36 3","pages":"231-239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11236080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular vesicles: Function, resilience, biomarker, bioengineering, and clinical implications.","authors":"Der-Shan Sun, Hsin-Hou Chang","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_28_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_28_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in intercellular communication, disease pathology, and therapeutic innovation. Initially overlooked as cellular debris, EVs are now recognized as vital mediators of cell-to-cell communication, ferrying a cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, providing cellular resilience in response to stresses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of EVs, focusing on their role as biomarkers in disease diagnosis, their functional significance in physiological and pathological processes, and the potential of bioengineering for therapeutic applications. EVs offer a promising avenue for noninvasive disease diagnosis and monitoring, reflecting the physiological state of originating cells. Their diagnostic potential spans a spectrum of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. Moreover, their presence in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid enhances their diagnostic utility, presenting advantages over traditional methods. Beyond diagnostics, EVs mediate crucial roles in intercellular communication, facilitating the transfer of bioactive molecules between cells. This communication modulates various physiological processes such as tissue regeneration, immune modulation, and neuronal communication. Dysregulation of EV-mediated communication is implicated in diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Bioengineering techniques offer avenues for manipulating EVs for therapeutic applications, from isolation and purification to engineering cargo and targeted delivery systems. These approaches hold promise for developing novel therapeutics tailored to specific diseases, revolutionizing personalized medicine. However, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and regulatory approval need addressing for successful clinical translation. Overall, EVs represent a dynamic frontier in biomedical research with vast potential for diagnostics, therapeutics, and personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"36 3","pages":"251-259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11236075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for reoperation after discectomy of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc disease.","authors":"Cheng-Huan Peng, Ing-Ho Chen, Tzai-Chiu Yu, Jen-Hung Wang, Wen-Tien Wu, Kuang-Ting Yeh","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_206_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_206_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Discectomy is the most common surgery for lumbar herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD) disease. However, 5%-24% of patients undergo a second surgery due to recurrent disc herniation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was aimed to identify the risk factors for reoperation after discectomy of lumbar HIVD and recommend treatment for patients with a high risk of reoperation. We recruited patients diagnosed as having single-level lumbar HIVD who underwent open discectomy from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2012 in our hospital. We used a survival curve to inspect the survival time and reoperation rate after surgery. We discussed the correlation of reoperation rate with discectomy level, body mass index, heavy lifting after surgery, sex, and age. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between the experience of a surgeon and the reoperation rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 619 patients were enrolled in our study. Most patients were 40-60 years old (48.8%), and most of them had herniation at L4/5 level (48.9%). The 8-year survival rate was 92%. Weight lifting after surgery may increase the reoperation rate by 115 and 18 times for those >60 years and <40 years, respectively. In addition, less experience of the surgeon and female sex had a high reoperation rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Postoperative working modification may be very important for preventing patients from recurrent HIVD. For elderly people with HIVD, a more conservative therapy could be selected. If patients with lumbar spine hypermobility or severe degeneration require wide laminectomy, primary fusion should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"36 3","pages":"298-303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11236073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The level of discomfort during the use of different circuits of the mechanical ventilator.","authors":"Meng-Yi Liu, Pei-Shan Hsu, Chiu-Feng Wu, Yao-Kuang Wu, Mei-Chen Yang, Wen-Lin Su, I-Shiang Tzeng, Chou-Chin Lan","doi":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_236_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_236_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Endotracheal tube (ETT) intubation is a life-saving procedure in patients with respiratory failure. However, the presence of an ETT can cause significant discomfort. A tracheostomy tube is used to administer a mechanical ventilator, resulting in a more stable airway and fewer serious injuries. Noninvasive ventilators (NIPPVs) administer ventilation through masks and must be tightly fixed to the face. ETT, tracheostomy, and NIPPV are the most common methods of ventilator maintenance. However, these interventions often cause discomfort to patients. This study aimed to compare discomfort associated with ETT, tracheostomy, and NIPPV.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty-nine conscious patients with postextubation NIPPV and eight conscious patients who underwent postextubation tracheotomy were evaluated for discomfort. A questionnaire survey on discomfort was performed before and after NIPPV or tracheostomy. These patients reported their level of discomfort on a visual analog scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The levels of sore throat, nasal pain, body pain, activity limitation, respiratory discomfort, oral discomfort, difficulty coughing sputum, worry about respiratory tube disconnection, back pain, anxiety, worry about long-term admission, sleep disturbance, and general discomfort during ETT intubation were higher than during tracheostomy or NIPPV (all <i>P</i> < 0.05). The mean level of discomfort was approximately 5-6 points (moderate) in patients with ETT and 2-3 points (mild) in patients with NIPPV or tracheostomy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The level of discomfort was higher in patients who underwent ETT intubation than in those who underwent NIPPV or tracheostomy. However, the level of discomfort was similar between the patients with NIPPV and those who underwent tracheostomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":45873,"journal":{"name":"Tzu Chi Medical Journal","volume":"36 3","pages":"311-318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11236071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}