{"title":"Gender Difference in Returns to Education Independent of Gender Wage Gap in Korea*","authors":"Jaeram Lee, Jungjoon Ihm","doi":"10.1111/asej.12209","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12209","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examined the difference between male and female groups’ return on investment (ROI) in education independent of the average gender wage gap. Women’s additional ROI in education was significant and positively estimated. Furthermore, the ROI in women’s education was consistently higher than that in men regardless of educational stage, except for graduate education. These gender differences were greater in the younger generation than in the older generation and have decreased significantly in the recent ten years in high school education. Although the additional ROI in women’s education was positive in the field of culture and arts, education’s effect on wage increases in professional occupations was less than in men, especially in the fields of law and medicine. In addition, we show that gender differences in ROI in education were countercyclical. A base effect, large wage declines for low-educated women during recessions, could explain this phenomenon. However, coinciding with the existence of positive cash flow news in the stock market that promises good business performance, a significant wage increase among highly educated women was found.</p>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"213-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48828448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Effect of Zoning Regulations on Korea's Small and Medium-Sized Retailers*","authors":"Hahn Shik Lee, Jinhwa Chung, Woohyoung Kim","doi":"10.1111/asej.12208","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12208","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we investigated the economic effects of zoning regulations on the retail industry in Korea. We estimated the changes in the number of sales for retail stores using a panel regression analysis for stores in traditional markets. This analysis was conducted to examine the benefit of zoning regulations on retail stores. Our results show that the zoning regulations (called Traditional Commercial Activity Protection Zones) have contributed to an improvement in the actual business performance of small independent retailers. We found that the amount of sales for each store clearly increased on average in the areas designated as Traditional Commercial Activity Protection Zones where there was no market entry of mega supermarket chains (called SSM in Korea). We also present evidence that the effects of this policy differ geographically: the effects were stronger for small and medium cities than for large metropolitan cities. These results suggest that zoning regulations enacted by the government to protect traditional markets and small retailers should also consider regional differences when assessing policy effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"185-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42954329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Private Equity Characteristics, Corporate Governance and Firm Value: Empirical Evidence from Small and Medium-sized Enterprises*","authors":"Li Jiujin, Rakesh Gupta, Li Haihong, Shao Qiang","doi":"10.1111/asej.12207","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12207","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To extend existing research, this study examines whether private equity (PE) and corporate governance affect firm value using empirical data on the small and medium-sized boards of listed initial public offering companies in China. The empirical results show that PE investment can raise firm value as well as affect management behavior at the macro level. At the micro level, the greater PE firms' shareholding, the higher is firm value, which is positively influenced by the time the PE stake has been held. PE reputation and foreign PE are also positively related to firm value. Finally, corporate governance plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between PE investment and firm value.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"163-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47260268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fiscal Sustainability of Local Governments in Japan†","authors":"Motonori Yoshida","doi":"10.1111/asej.12210","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12210","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The total amount of Japan's local government (LG) expenditures exceeds its central government (CG) expenditures. Japan's LG and CG are responsible for the worst general government's debt situation among the G7 countries. The paper elucidated the fiscal reactions of Japan's prefecture governments (PGs) based on Bohn's (1998a, 2005) method with a panel dataset (44PGs, fiscal years 1974–2016), addressing nonstationary and endogeneity issues. In my model, a positive reaction of the primary surplus/gross regional product (GRP) ratio to the PG debt/GRP ratio (<i>d</i>) constitutes a sufficient condition for sustainability. The results of the study demonstrate the following: (i) the PG in any fiscal condition are assumed to provide sustainable fiscal management; (ii) the PGs in sounder or more dire fiscal conditions probably manage their finances more firmly; (iii) the fiscal transfers from the CG generally ease the PG fiscal conditions; (iv) although primary regressors <i>d</i> and dsq (the square of d) are assumed to be I (1) with some accuracy, they become stationary through cointegration with other regressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"127-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63196169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Postponement of EAEA17 Conference: Call for Papers and Preliminary Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/asej.12216","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"237-239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48748206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fukunari Kimura, Shandre Mugan Thangavelu, Dionisius Narjoko, Christopher Findlay
{"title":"Pandemic (COVID-19) Policy, Regional Cooperation and the Emerging Global Production Network†","authors":"Fukunari Kimura, Shandre Mugan Thangavelu, Dionisius Narjoko, Christopher Findlay","doi":"10.1111/asej.12198","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12198","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we explore the possible policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic shock as well as the related economic (financial crisis) shocks on trade and global value chains (GVC) in East Asia. We find that regional policy coordination is critical to mitigate and isolate the pandemic shock. It is important to identify the pandemic events early to flatten the pandemic curve at the national and regional level. This supports a recent study by the World Bank (2020), which highlights the importance of early mitigation policies during the pandemic shock. The cost of the pandemic and economic shocks will increase significantly when several countries in the region experience the pandemic shock concurrently. In this case, flattening the regional pandemic curve becomes important. The results also indicate the need for greater coordination in East Asia to mitigate the pending economic shock in terms of unemployment, corporate bankruptcy and financial market fragility. The paper also highlights that the stability of the GVC network is critical during the pandemic in terms of hedging the risk of disruptions to the procurement of critical medical and health products as well as maintaining service linkages to manufacturing, such as the logistics sector. Regional policy coordination and the stability of GVC will be valuable in the post-pandemic recovery of the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"3-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42816983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Price-Setting Behavior of Korean Firms†","authors":"SungJu Song, Myung-Soo Yie, Chang-Gui Park","doi":"10.1111/asej.12197","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12197","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates a pattern of price revision by firms in Korea and sheds light on the cause of price stickiness by providing reliable statistical estimates for calibration of the parameters of the widely-used macro-models. Based on firm-level survey data and using a probit model, we identify the firm characteristics or market conditions that discourage firms from carrying out state-dependent price adjustment. We also estimate the factors driving firms to engage in state-dependent adjustment rather than wait until the next scheduled revision under three different shocks: demand, general cost and exchange rate shocks. We find a few interesting features, as follows. First, price revision by Korean firms tends to be time-dependent rather than state-dependent, with a sizable dispersion across sectors and firm sizes. Second, the pattern of price revision in Korea is not significantly different from that in selected advanced economies. Third, the reason why firms favor time-dependent price adjustments appears to be endogenous, accounted for by a number of market institution variables. Fourth, in response to shocks, Korean firms tend to wait until the next periodically scheduled revision rather than make a state-dependent price adjustment, unless marginal costs are affected significantly by the shock, and state-dependent revisions are often significantly delayed when they do occur.</p>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"97-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43973138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zombie Firms and Soft Budget Constraints in the Chinese Stock Market*","authors":"Chenyan Zhang, Yongqiao Chen, Huiyu Zhou","doi":"10.1111/asej.12194","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growth of zombie firms has caused increasing concern. The present study seeks to understand why zombie firms have been emerging in recent 10 years and to further explore the mechanisms of their formation. Based on a dataset of Chinese listed companies from 2012 to 2016 and empirical analysis, the present study ascribes the prevalence of zombie firms to soft budget constraints. After using a modified identification model in the Chinese context, we concluded that zombie firms have access to some external resources such as credit support from banks and governmental subsidies, substantiating soft budget constraints among zombie firms. To explain this phenomenon, further analysis reveals that zombie firms bear a heavier policy burden by hiring excess employees, which will bring them more subsidies and a stronger relationship with government in return. This result indicates that policy burden is the reason for soft budget constraints, which exacerbates the zombie firm problems in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"51-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48379325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji Yong Lee, Noppawong Pavasopon, Orachos Napasintuwong, Rodolfo M. Nayga Jr
{"title":"Consumers' Valuation of Geographical Indication-Labeled Food: The Case of Hom Mali Rice in Bangkok*","authors":"Ji Yong Lee, Noppawong Pavasopon, Orachos Napasintuwong, Rodolfo M. Nayga Jr","doi":"10.1111/asej.12196","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asej.12196","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated consumers' valuation of geographical indication (GI) and protected geographical indication (PGI)-labeled rice in Bangkok using a non-hypothetical experimental auction in a field setting. We also examined the effects of sequentially providing information about geographical indications on product valuation. The results suggest that consumers are willing to pay premiums for rice with geographical certifications, with the highest premium for the rice with both GI and PGI certifications. The provision of detailed information about the geographical indications further increases the premiums. However, consumers suffer a welfare loss under the current high market prices for rice with geographical certifications. A price reduction of approximately 10 percent would be needed to gain consumer welfare from the introduction of GI and PGI certification.</p>","PeriodicalId":45838,"journal":{"name":"Asian Economic Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"79-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/asej.12196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43940102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}