Intelligent Buildings International最新文献

{"title":"Testing of outward leakage of different types of masks with a breathing manikin head, ultraviolet light and coloured water mist","authors":"M. Ortiz, Marzieh Ghasemieshkaftaki, P. Bluyssen","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1951153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1951153","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the outbreak of COVID-19, wearing a mask, voluntary or obligatory, has led to diverse and numerous designs. Guidelines for minimum requirements include tests for visual inspection, strength, filtration, and breathing resistance, but not for the fit of a mask. The fit of a mask was assessed by testing the outward leakage of exhaled breath based on the visualization of coloured mist exhaled by a manikin head. Fourteen masks were selected based on differences in design, such as type of material, shape (cheek wings vs. none), filter type, and the number of layers. Leakage expressed in mean mist percentages (visualized with a camera), patterns of coloured mist left inside the masks, as well as visual fit of the masks on the manikin head, showed that a loose fit mask results in more leakage. Also, combining quantitative with qualitative assessment proved to be complementary. Future tests should be conducted on a range of users, covering the best fit over time as well breathability, use, and comfort. The use of face masks, whatever their characteristics, seem an adequate strategy to reduce the dispersion of potential ‘infected’ aerosols into the space from people, as opposed to not wearing one.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"623 - 641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1951153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48521757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"D. Clements–Croome","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1946253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1946253","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Issue is devoted to papers on the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Philip Ross and Kasia Maynard describe the impacts this is having and will continue to have on society. Then MatthewMarson and his team first decry the fact that in their view the human connection is still not prevalent at a deeper level in the design of intelligent buildings. Too often sentient qualities are just referred to in terms of comfort. They then show how the complexities of designing an intelligent city can be put in practice. Design is one thing but implementation is another and it can be an equally challenging process. James Kinch and his team propose a new non-technical methodology that offers a more flexible approach to implementation. Technology alone is not enough. It enables some objectives to be realised. We measure conditions of the environment and the effects on people’s health and well-being much more and this yields even more data which digital platforms can collect and analyse. Buildings and their systems are full of complexities and to complicate things more there are many people are involved so faults can easily occur, but these can be minimised with approaches such as BIM and blockchain and other AI technologies emerging. For great sustainable architecture, whether old or new, we still need human imagination and creativity to play their part. Occupants in buildings want more than practical needs to be met but relish environments that feed their sensory system so they feel some spiritual uplift. Then there are factors such as budgets and timelines which often mean projects are rushed so that thinking time is squeezed out. Should we look at economic value in a different way? We tend to measure success in terms of increased profitability and criteria like GDP. Profitability can be good if it is shared equitably and feeds new ideas and education for the betterment of humankind. But growth for the sake of it raises many questions about how we make decisions and neglect social value. Kate Raworth in her book Doughnut Economics (Penguin Random House Books 2017) proposes seven ways to think like a twenty-first century economist and they essentially form the contents of 7 chapters. Here are the ideas she proposes: Change the Goal –Move from GDP towards aiming to achieve a safe and just space for humanity with a regenerative and distributive economy within desirable ecological and social boundaries. This is her basis for the doughnut model. See the Big Picture – Too often thinking out the fine detail first obscures the mission and vision for the project. Nurture Human Nature – Social value should be the basis of our decision-making. Architecture is for humanity where justice, generosity and societal needs are the foundation. Get Savvy with Systems – I wrote some time ago that we treat the processes of design, construction and management as if they were linear systems, but they are not; they are non-linear dynamic systems which, of course, are more comple","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"13 1","pages":"157 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1946253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48199001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative building control: a conceptual mixed-initiative framework","authors":"Fatih Topak, M. K. Pekeriçli","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1941731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1941731","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the last two decades, automation systems have shown advanced developments and are widely adopted for various purposes in many fields. However, automation in buildings has not gained popularity and has a low acceptance level amongst the occupants. Decreased perceived control, ever-changing dynamic human needs, and standardized, one-size-fits-all approach in current automation systems lead to disharmony in human-machine coexistence. Although well-established continuous interaction between building control systems and occupants is acknowledged as one of the core elements of intelligent buildings, defined borderlines of the prevailing automation modalities fail to satisfy this primary feature. This research proposes a conceptual mixed-initiative building control framework enhancing collaboration and communication between building occupants and the automation. Through benefiting from both the control capacity of computer-powered methods and flexibility granted by incorporating occupants in the loop, demonstrated framework components may enact concurrent assessment of occupant comfort and energy efficiency while making automated applications more favorable for building inhabitants.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"487 - 498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1941731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48323790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-site renewable energy for industrial buildings in Sri Lanka: a life-cycle cost analysis","authors":"N. Nanayakkara, B. Perera, I. Illankoon","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1938505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1938505","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Industrial sector consumes a substantial portion of electrical energy. Building owners persistently believe that combining on-site renewable energy systems to buildings is not cost-effective in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the use of on-site renewable energy sources for industrial buildings in Sri Lanka. This research carried out 10 expert interviews and 6 case studies. Experts determined that solar and biomass as viable on-site energy generating sources in Sri Lanka. Life-cycle cost was calculated for six case studies representing three case studies for each viable option followed by a sensitivity analysis. Based on the research findings, biomass can effectively manage waste while eliminating the risk of the emission of harmful biomethane. Based on the calculations, the payback period for a solar system varies between 4 and 6 years and biomass system varies between 6 and 7 years. This research explored the potential of generating on-site renewable energy for industrial building. Although the ‘on-site’ energy generation is not widely discussed in industrial buildings, this research study strengthened the possibility of adopting solar and biomass as on-site renewable energy generation sources.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"499 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1938505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49630036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining a ‘business model’ in the construction context","authors":"D. N. Abeynayake, B. Perera, C. Hadiwattege","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1927660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1927660","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A Business Model (BM) is fundamental to the success of any business because it creates and captures value. BMs are widely known in several disciplines where it has been given idiosyncratic definitions to suit the respective disciplines. Because definitions can bring clarity to the terms they define, this study attempted to define the BM relevant to a construction business. The methodology followed included a structured literature review and content analysis. From 38 BM definitions, 10 themes were located using the keywords abstracted from each definition. From among the ten themes, eight construction business-specific ‘fundamental themes’ were selected. The ‘wordings’ extracted from the definitions associated with the eight themes were used to develop a BM definition for the construction business. The proposed definition will facilitate a better understanding of construction businesses. It, therefore, will promote the application of the BM concept in the construction industry.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"473 - 486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1927660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49422686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A larger statistical basis and a wider application area of the PMV equation in the Fanger model: application area of the PMV equation","authors":"P. Roelofsen, Kaspar M. B. Jansen, P. Vink","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1928595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1928595","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 For sedentary activities, the PMV equation, derived by Fanger, is mainly based on the research of Nevins et al. (720 test subjects). Nevins' experiments were later on repeated by Fanger, but with 128 college-age Danish subjects and 128 elderly Danish subjects, instead of American subjects. Rohles did the research from Nevins et al. again, but over a more extensive temperature range and more, namely 1600, test subjects. Rohles' research results have been partly included in the derivation of the PPD equation, but not in the derivation for the PMV equation. Rohles' experimental results are published at a later time than the publication of the thesis of Fanger. The question arises: ‘If Rohles' experimental results were included in the derivation of the PMV equation, instead of Nevins' experimental results, to what extent does that change the PMV equation and the application area of the PMV equation, with regard of validity, for sedentary activities?'. In the same way, as Fanger described in his thesis, and using the results of Rohles’ experiment, this study is limited to the derivation of a PMV equation with a wider PMV range than −2 to 2, for sedentary activities.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"517 - 524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1928595","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43685046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a biophilic experience representation tool (BERT) for architectural walkthroughs: a pilot study in two Canadian primary schools","authors":"Mélanie Watchman, Claude M. H. Demers, A. Potvin","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1925209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1925209","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Architects are increasingly integrating principles of biophilic design to foster experiences of nature in regularly occupied buildings such as schools. Although researchers often objectively measure building variables to document the presence of nature, few tools currently help architects assess subjective biophilic experiences during building walkthroughs in the preliminary design stages of renovation projects. This paper presents the results of a pilot study designed to assist the development of an architectural diagnostic tool that represents designers’ experiences of natural elements such as sunlight, wind and snow. The Biophilic Experience Representation Tool (BERT) was used during site visits in two Canadian primary schools in winter. These post-occupancy evaluations with BERT highlight its potential to discuss subjective dimensions of biophilic architecture. It further reveals the importance of seasonality when assessing and designing biophilic buildings in cold climates.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"455 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1925209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43329651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of biometric data and EEG to assess architectural quality of two office spaces: a pilot experiment","authors":"Peter A. Bacevice, Arlene Ducao","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1921683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1921683","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Architecture's reach into neuroscience has demonstrated the value of biometric data, particularly neurophysiological data captured through the use of portable electroencephalography (EEG) technology, in understanding users’ physiologic responses to spaces. While methods employing portable EEG technology are increasingly being used to study a variety of everyday settings, office environments have not yet been the subject of such studies. To address this gap, we used portable EEG sensors and heart rate monitors to conduct a pilot-scale, quasi-experiment of office occupants in their space and then again when that group relocated to new space several months later. Our findings revealed that users experienced the new office, particularly its café space, in a more relaxed way compared to the old office, suggesting that neurophysiologic data can be used in describing the effects of design features and affordances. When conducted before and after an office space redesign, biometric studies of office users broaden the methodological diversity of post-occupancy evaluations. We reflect on the significance of our findings, given our pilot approach and limited sample size, with respect to biometric data's role in the design of mixed methods post-occupancy evaluations. We also reflect on directions for future research of office environments.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"433 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1921683","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49378830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of total quality management to enhance the quality of design and build projects","authors":"D. Rajaratnam, T. Jayawickrama, B. Perera","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1914536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1914536","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The literature on the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) on Design and Build (D&B) projects is scarce and this study fulfills the research gap by assessing the impact of TQM and its elements on D&B projects. The study used a mixed approach comprising a series of expert interviews and a questionnaire survey. Manual content analysis was used to analyze the collected interview data. The interview findings revealed that TQM could improve the quality of a D&B project at five stages of the project. The quantitative analysis of the interview findings was used to assess the significance of TQM in construction, importance of TQM elements in D&B projects, and suitability of TQM and its elements for D&B projects. At briefing, and tender documentation and action stages, TQM is moderately suitable for enhancing D&B project quality, while at concept design and design development, detail design and technical information, and construction and handing over stages, TQM is highly suitable for enhancing D&B project quality. A heatmap was used to present the rankings of TQM elements in D&B project stages with regard to their importance.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"527 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1914536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48716251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the smart building supervisory system effectiveness","authors":"Dario Masucci, Chiara Foglietta, S. Panzieri, S. Pizzuti","doi":"10.1080/17508975.2021.1922336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1922336","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Modern buildings are managed by the BMS (Building Management System), a supervisory system that controls its mechanical and electrical devices. The automatic detection of faults and malfunctions plays a crucial role in the monitoring and control processes of electrical devices located in a smart building. The integration of this functionality within a BMS allows to improve the consistency and the effectiveness of the control network and to recognize and report in real-time the system’s malfunctioning. The research focuses on the definition of Fault Detection procedures to verify the successful implementation of sequential commands given by control and supervisory system. The authors realize a tool to control and manage in real-time the data coming from the sensors to verify the effective implementation of a command. The procedure is based on the following important assumption – we must be able to associate the trend of a given reference magnitude with each command. By monitoring the magnitude’s status and comparing them with default threshold values, the algorithms determine the command execution. Authors apply the proposed strategies on the F40 building, located in the ENEA R.C. ‘La Casaccia’, to detect faults and anomalies that can be traced to probable cyber intrusion or devices malfunctioning.","PeriodicalId":45828,"journal":{"name":"Intelligent Buildings International","volume":"14 1","pages":"564 - 580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17508975.2021.1922336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42621804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}