Collabra-Psychology最新文献_第7页

Perpetrators’ and Victims’ Folk Explanations of Aggressive Behaviors and Desires for Apologies 加害者与受害者对攻击行为的民间解释与道歉欲望

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.84918

Randy J. McCarthy, Jared P Wilson

{"title":"Perpetrators’ and Victims’ Folk Explanations of Aggressive Behaviors and Desires for Apologies","authors":"Randy J. McCarthy, Jared P Wilson","doi":"10.1525/collabra.84918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.84918","url":null,"abstract":"After an aggressive interaction, perpetrators most want to offer apologies when they have unintentionally harmed another person and victims most want to receive an apology when another person intentionally harmed them. Perpetrators and victims also explain aggressive behaviors differently—perpetrators often explain their own aggressive behaviors by referring to beliefs they considered that led to their behaviors (i.e., “belief” explanations), whereas victims explain perpetrators’ behaviors by referring to background factors that do not mention the perpetrators’ mental deliberations (i.e., “causal history explanations”). Putting these ideas together, the current Registered Report had participants recall either a time they intentionally harmed another person or a time when they were intentionally harmed by another person. Participants then rated several characteristics of the recalled behavior, explained why the behavior occurred, and reported their desire for an apology. As predicted, we found that perpetrators who gave “belief” explanations wanted to give an apology much less than participants who gave “causal history explanations.” However, and inconsistent with our predictions, victims’ desire to receive an apology was similar regardless of how they explained the perpetrators’ behaviors. These findings underscore how perpetrators’ explanations can emphasize (or de-emphasize) the deliberateness of their harmful behaviors and how these explanations are related to their desire to make amends.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disentangling the Contributions of Repeating Targets, Distractors, and Stimulus Positions to Practice Benefits in D2-Like Tests of Attention 重复目标、干扰物和刺激位置对2d样注意测试练习益处的贡献

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.71297

Peter Wühr, B. Wühr

{"title":"Disentangling the Contributions of Repeating Targets, Distractors, and Stimulus Positions to Practice Benefits in D2-Like Tests of Attention","authors":"Peter Wühr, B. Wühr","doi":"10.1525/collabra.71297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.71297","url":null,"abstract":"When a test of attention, such as the d2 test, is repeated, performance improves. These practice benefits threaten the validity of a test because it is impossible to separate the contributions of ability and practice, respectively, to a particular result. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to determine the sources of practice effects, and to use this knowledge for constructing tests that are less prone to practice. The present study investigates the contribution of three components of a d2-like test of attention to practice benefits: targets, distractors, and stimulus configurations. In Experiment 1, we compared practice effects in a target-change condition, where targets changed between sessions, to a target-repetition condition. Similarly, in Experiment 2, we compared practice effects in a distractor-change condition to a distractor-repetition condition. Finally, in Experiment 3, we compared practice effects in a position-repetition condition, where stimulus configurations were repeated within and between tests, to a position-change condition. Results showed that repeating targets and repeating distractors contribute to practice effects, whereas repeating stimulus configurations does not. Hence, in order to reduce practice effects, one might construct tests in which target learning is prevented, for example, by using multiple targets.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66879940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Social Media Sexist Content (SMSC) Database: A Database of Content and Comments for Research Use 社会媒体性别歧视内容(SMSC)数据库:一个用于研究的内容和评论数据库

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.71341

Hannah S. Buie, A. Croft

{"title":"The Social Media Sexist Content (SMSC) Database: A Database of Content and Comments for Research Use","authors":"Hannah S. Buie, A. Croft","doi":"10.1525/collabra.71341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.71341","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce the Social Media Sexist Content (SMSC) database, an open-access online stimulus set consisting of 382 social media content items and 221 comments related to the content. The content items include 90 sexist posts and 292 neutral posts. The comment items include 75 sexist comments along with 238 neutral comments. The database consists of a broad range of topics including lifestyle, memes, and school posts. All posts were anonymized after being retrieved from publicly available sources. All content and comments were rated across two domains: degree of sexism and emotional reaction to the post. In terms of sexism, the posts were rated along three dimensions of gender bias: Hostile Sexism, Benevolent Sexism, and Objectification. Participants also provided their emotional reactions to the posts in terms of feeling Ashamed, Insecure, and/or Angry. Data were collected online in two separate studies: one rating the content and the other rating the comments. The sexism and emotion ratings were highly reliable and showed the posts displayed either sexism or neutral content. The SMSC database is beneficial to researchers because it offers updated social media content for research use online and in the lab. The database affords researchers the ability to explore stimuli either by content or by ratings, and the database is free to use for research purposes. The SMSC is available for download from hannahbuie.com.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Diverse Samples Can Teach Us About Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression 不同的样本可以告诉我们抑郁症的认知脆弱性

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.71346

G. Haeffel, Hugh H Burke, Marissa Vander Missen, Lily M. Brouder

{"title":"What Diverse Samples Can Teach Us About Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression","authors":"G. Haeffel, Hugh H Burke, Marissa Vander Missen, Lily M. Brouder","doi":"10.1525/collabra.71346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.71346","url":null,"abstract":"Tests of generalizability can diversify psychological science and improve theories and measurement. To this end, we conducted five studies testing the cognitive vulnerability to depression hypothesis featured in the hopelessness theory of depression: Study 1 was conducted with Honduran young adults (n = 50); Study 2 was conducted with Nepali adults (n = 34); Study 3 was conducted with Western hemisphere adults (n = 104); Study 4 was conducted with Black U.S. adults (n = 119); and Study 5 was conducted with U.S. undergraduates (n = 110). Results showed that cognitive vulnerability could be measured reliably in diverse populations and the distribution of vulnerability scores was similar for all samples. However, the tendency to generate negative inferences about stress had different implications for depression depending on sample; the association between cognitive vulnerability and depressive symptoms did not generalize to Honduran and Nepali participants. It is now necessary to understand why a negative cognitive style confers risk for depression in some contexts but not others (e.g., is it issues related to measurement, theory, or both). The results also suggest that understanding and reducing the global burden of depression will require more than simply “translating” existing cognitive measures and theories to other countries.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66880010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Going Green Feel Good in Russia: Implicit Measurements With Visual Stimuli 在俄罗斯走绿色道路感觉好吗:视觉刺激的隐性测量

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.73637

D. Valko

引用次数: 0

Cognitive Load Can Reduce Reason-Giving in a Moral Dumbfounding Task 认知负荷可以减少道德哑巴任务中的推理

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.73818

Cillian McHugh, M. McGann, E. Igou, E. Kinsella

引用次数: 0

An Improved Measure for the Strength of Social Gender Norms (SSGN) Developed for Adolescents in Uttar Pradesh, India 为印度北方邦青少年制定的社会性别规范(SSGN)强度改进措施

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.75220

Krittika Gorur, B. Cislaghi, Patrick S. Forscher

{"title":"An Improved Measure for the Strength of Social Gender Norms (SSGN) Developed for Adolescents in Uttar Pradesh, India","authors":"Krittika Gorur, B. Cislaghi, Patrick S. Forscher","doi":"10.1525/collabra.75220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.75220","url":null,"abstract":"Social norms can frame how typical and appropriate the choices available to individuals are, making some more difficult while others easier to make. Despite the important role of both descriptive and injunctive norms for intervention, few measures are available that distinguish these types of perceptions. Fewer still are tailored for settings where development challenges are present and behaviorally-informed interventions are implemented. To address gaps in measuring social norms that impact women’s employment in India, this study was conducted with 399 adolescents aged 14-17 years to develop the Strength of Social Gender Norms (SSGN) scale. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a good two-factor structure. Psychometric analyses satisfied tests for internal consistency, differentiated it from attitudes, and found moderate test-retest reliability. Using this scale, we found that girls perceived more positive social norms overall but held more negative perceptions of what others in their communities think about women working (i.e. injunctive norms), relative to boys. Our results confirm the ability of the SSGN scale to distinguish different aspects of social norms among low-income Indian adolescents, a population that is neglected in psychology research at large. Future research should aim to replicate results in additional hard-to-reach samples and investigate the association between actual longer-term employment outcomes of women.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66881116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ageism in Hiring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Age Discrimination 雇佣中的年龄歧视:年龄歧视的系统回顾与元分析

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.82194

Lucija Batinovic, Marlon Howe, Samantha Sinclair, Rickard Carlsson

{"title":"Ageism in Hiring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Age Discrimination","authors":"Lucija Batinovic, Marlon Howe, Samantha Sinclair, Rickard Carlsson","doi":"10.1525/collabra.82194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.82194","url":null,"abstract":"We aimed to identify effect sizes of age discrimination in recruitment based on evidence from correspondence studies and scenario experiments conducted between 2010 and 2019. To differentiate our results, we separated outcomes (i.e., call-back rates and hiring/invitation to interview likelihood) by age groups (40-49, 50-59, 60-65, 66+) and assessed age discrimination by comparing older applicants to a control group (29-35 year-olds). We conducted searches in PsycInfo, Web of Science, ERIC, BASE, and Google Scholar, along with backward reference searching. Study bias was assessed with a tool developed for this review, and publication bias by calculating R-index, p-curve, and funnel plots. We calculated odds ratios for callback rates, pooled the results using a random-effects meta-analysis and calculated 95% confidence intervals. We included 13 studies from 11 articles in our review, and conducted meta-analyses on the eight studies that we were able to extract data from. The majority of studies were correspondence studies (k=10) and came largely from European countries (k=9), with the rest being from the U.S. (k=3) and Australia (k=1). Seven studies had a between-participants design, and the remaining six studies had a within-participants design. We conducted six random-effects meta-analyses, one for each age category and type of study design and found an average effect of age discrimination against all age groups in both study designs, with varying effect sizes (ranging from OR = 0.38, CI [0.25, 0.59] to OR = 0.89, CI [0.81, 0.97]). There was moderate to high risk of bias on certain factors, e.g., age randomization, problems with application heterogeneity. Generally, there’s an effect of age discrimination and it tends to increase with age. This has important implications regarding the future of the world’s workforce, given the increase in the older workforce and later retirement.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

From Halo to Conditioning and Back Again: Exploring the Links Between Impression Formation and Learning 从光环到条件反射再回来:探索印象形成和学习之间的联系

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.84560

M. Rougier, J. de Houwer, J. Richetin, Sean Hughes, M. Perugini

{"title":"From Halo to Conditioning and Back Again: Exploring the Links Between Impression Formation and Learning","authors":"M. Rougier, J. de Houwer, J. Richetin, Sean Hughes, M. Perugini","doi":"10.1525/collabra.84560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.84560","url":null,"abstract":"Impression formation effects – such as the halo effect – and learning effects – such as evaluative or attribute conditioning effects – are often seen as separate classes of phenomena. In a recent conceptual paper, De Houwer et al. (2019) suggested that both may actually qualify as instances of feature transformation, where a source feature (e.g., attractiveness of a face; valence of an unconditioned stimulus; US) influences judgements about a target feature (e.g., social competence of a person; valence of a conditioned stimulus; CS). In halo effects, the source and target features typically differ (e.g., a person with an attractive face is judged as more socially competent) but belong to the same object. In evaluative conditioning, source and target features are the same (e.g., a neutral CS is judged as more positive after being paired with a positive US) but belong to different objects. In this paper, we highlight a phenomenon at the crossroads of the two previous effects: feature transformation where source and target features are different (as in halo studies) and belong to different objects that are paired together (as in evaluative conditioning studies). Across six pre-registered experiments (n = 1050), we obtained evidence for this phenomenon in the context of person perception (i.e., attractiveness halo) and food perception (i.e., health halo). We also show that this type of feature transformation is influenced by several known moderators of halo and conditioning effects (beliefs about traits relationship, memory of pairings, and salience of the source feature).","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66882763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Machine learning mega-analysis applied to the Response Time Concealed Information Test: No evidence for advantage of model-based predictors over baseline 应用于响应时间隐藏信息测试的机器学习大型分析:没有证据表明基于模型的预测器优于基线

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Collabra-Psychology Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/mfjx8

Gáspár Lukács, D. Steyrl

{"title":"Machine learning mega-analysis applied to the Response Time Concealed Information Test: No evidence for advantage of model-based predictors over baseline","authors":"Gáspár Lukács, D. Steyrl","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/mfjx8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mfjx8","url":null,"abstract":"The response time Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT) can help to reveal whether a person is concealing the knowledge of a certain information detail. During the RT-CIT, the examinee is repeatedly presented with a probe, the detail in question (e.g., murder weapon), and several irrelevants, other details that are similar to the probe (e.g., other weapons). These items all require the same keypress response, while one further item, the target, requires a different keypress response. Examinees tend to respond to the probe slower than to irrelevants, when they recognize the former as the relevant detail. To classify examinees as having or not having recognized the probe, RT-CIT studies have almost always used the averaged difference between probe and irrelevant RTs as the single predictor variable. In the present study, we tested whether we can improve classification accuracy (recognized the probe: yes or no) by incorporating the average RTs, the accuracy rates, and the SDs of each item type (probe, irrelevant, and target). Using the data from 1,871 individual tests and incorporating various combinations of the additional variables, we built logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, and extra trees machine learning models (altogether 26), and we compared the classification accuracy of each of the model-based predictors to that of the sole probe-irrelevant RT difference predictor as baseline. None of the models provided significant improvement over the baseline. Nominal gains in classification accuracy ranged between –1.5% and 3.1%. In each of the models, machine learning captured the probe-irrelevant RT difference as the most important contributor to successful predictions, or, when included separately, the probe RT and the irrelevant RT as the first and second most important contributors, respectively.","PeriodicalId":45791,"journal":{"name":"Collabra-Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44616560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1