Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Course and Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection in Patients Treated with Rituximab: A Tertiary Care Center Experience.","authors":"Thamer S Alhowaish,&nbsp;Moustafa S Alhamadh,&nbsp;Alaa Mathkour,&nbsp;Marwan Alamoudi,&nbsp;Hossam Ali Alqahtani,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Alrashid","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S424316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S424316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients receiving rituximab (RTX) may be at increased risk for severe Coronavirus infections and worse outcomes compared with the general population. Because of the conflicting results concerning the effect of RTX on the clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19 infection, we aimed to share our experience with 35 patients infected with COVID-19 while treated with RTX for a variety of clinical indications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-centre retrospective cohort study that included 35 patients. All patients aged ≥14 years who were treated with RTX for various conditions and were found to have COVID-19 infection were included. Patients with poor outcomes or patients with suspected COVID-19 infection were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patients' mean age was 42.8 ± 16.3 years with an average BMI of 29.9 ± 11.4 kg/m². Over half (51.4%, n = 18) of the patients received RTX at a dose of 375 mg/m2 with a median frequency of 4 doses. More than a third (37.1%, n = 13) of the patients had hypogammaglobulinemia and 25.7% had low CD19. Over a third (42.9%, n= 15) of the patients required hospitalization and almost a third (25.7%, n = 9) required treatment in the intensive care unit. There was a statistically significant association between intensive care unit admission and age, steroid use, and low CD19. The mortality rate was 25.7%, and it was significantly higher in elderly, diabetics, corticosteroid users, patients who were hospitalized, treated in the intensive care unit, and had low immunoglobin or CD19.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment with RTX seems to be a potential risk factor for unfavorable outcomes in COVID-19 patients. RTX should be used with caution or avoided unless the benefit clearly outweighs the risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"145-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1b/4c/oarrr-15-145.PMC10473421.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10151867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red Blood Cell Distribution Width: A Potential Inexpensive Marker for Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases; Scoping Review.","authors":"Mushabab Alghamdi","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S424168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S424168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rheumatic diseases encompass a diverse group of autoimmune disorders that affect the joints and connective tissues. The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been widely investigated as an inflammatory marker. This scoping review aimed to explore the potential utility of RDW as an inexpensive marker for disease activity in patients with rheumatic diseases. By summarizing the available evidence, we aimed to determine whether RDW can serve as a reliable and accessible indicator of disease activity in these patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was systematically performed across electronic databases, encompassing PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Studies have explored the relationship between RDW and disease activity in rheumatic diseases. Data extraction focused on the study characteristics, methodologies, and findings related to RDW as a disease activity marker.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After removing duplicates, the initial search yielded 25 relevant studies. These studies encompassed a variety of rheumatic diseases, with rheumatoid arthritis being the most frequently studied condition. The association between RDW and disease activity was assessed by using various disease activity indices and clinical parameters. While some studies have reported a significant correlation between elevated RDW and disease activity, others have yielded inconclusive results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From this review, we concluded that RDW is an inexpensive potential marker for the evaluation of disease activity in rheumatic diseases. RDW is promising as an inexpensive and readily available marker; however, its clinical utility in assessing disease activity in rheumatic conditions warrants more rigorous investigation through well-designed prospective studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"173-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/85/80/oarrr-15-173.PMC10505028.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10309157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Budd-Chiari Syndrome as an Initial Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Report with Review of the Literature.","authors":"Gashaw Solela,&nbsp;Merga Daba","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S425535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S425535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare disorder characterized by hepatic outflow obstruction. It can be classified as primary or secondary BCS. Common causes of BCS include myeloproliferative diseases, infections, malignancies, and systemic autoimmune illnesses. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be complicated with BCS. However, only a few case reports have described the uncommon occurrence of BCS as a primary presentation of SLE.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report the case of a 32-year-old female patient who presented with progressive abdominal distension of four months. On the abdominal CT scan, the left and middle hepatic veins were not visualized; the right hepatic vein and intrahepatic IVC had luminal narrowing; and there was caudate lobe enlargement suggestive of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Six months after the diagnosis of BCS, the patient developed other clinical features suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and was finally diagnosed with SLE.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acquired or inherited thrombotic conditions are the most common underlying causes of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common cause of secondary APS and most patients present with Budd-Chiari syndrome as a manifestation of APS after the diagnosis of SLE. In rare cases, such as the current case, Budd-Chiari syndrome can present even before the diagnosis of SLE. Hence, we would like to emphasize that Budd-Chiari syndrome can be an initial presentation of SLE.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"139-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/06/1b/oarrr-15-139.PMC10440120.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10051648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Predictors of an Abnormal Liver Function Test Among 674 Systemic Sclerosis Patients: A Cohort Study.","authors":"Kookwan Sawadpanich,&nbsp;Palinee Promasen,&nbsp;Pisaln Mairiang,&nbsp;Wattana Sukeepaisarnjareon,&nbsp;Apichat Sangchan,&nbsp;Tanita Suttichaimongkol,&nbsp;Kawin Tangvoraphonkchai,&nbsp;Chingching Foocharoen","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S410165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S410165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) can indicate cirrhosis or liver cancer leading to mortality among systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. No recent studies have investigated the clinical predictors of an abnormal LFT in SSc. We aimed to determine the incidence of abnormal LFT (including from hepatitis and cholestasis) and to identify its clinical predictors in SSc patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An historical cohort was conducted on 674 adult SSc patients who attended the Scleroderma Clinic, Khon Kaen University, between January 2012 and November 2019 and who underwent routine screening for LFT. A Cox regression was used to analyze the clinical predictors of abnormal LFT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred and thirty cases, representing 4190 person-years, had abnormal LFTs (viz, from hepatitis, cholestasis, and cholestatic hepatitis) for an incidence rate of 10.2 per 100 person-years. The respective incidence of hepatitis, cholestasis, and cholestatic hepatitis was 20.5, 12.9, and 20.4 per 100 person-years. The respective median first-time detection of hepatitis, cholestasis, and cholestatic hepatitis was 3.0, 5.9, and 2.8 years, and none had signs or symptoms suggestive of liver disease. According to the Cox regression analysis, the predictors of an abnormal LFT in SSc were elderly onset of SSc (hazard ratio (HR) 1.02), alcoholic drinking (HR 1.74), high modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) (HR 1.03), edematous skin (HR 2.94), Raynaud's phenomenon (HR 1.39), hyperCKaemia (HR 1.88), and methotrexate use (HR 1.55). In contrast, current sildenafil treatment (HR 0.63) and high serum albumin (HR 0.70) were protective factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Occult hepatitis, cholestasis, and cholestatic hepatitis can be detected in SSc patients using LFT screening, especially in cases of early disease onset. The long-term outcome is uncertain, and more longitudinal research is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/34/22/oarrr-15-81.PMC10199701.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9874593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Framework to Overcome Challenges in the Management of Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.","authors":"Madhavi Rao,&nbsp;Jamal Mikdashi","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S295036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S295036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections remain one of the leading causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), despite awareness of factors contributing to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases in SLE. Clinicians report challenges and barriers when encountering infection in SLE as certain infections may mimic a lupus flare. There are no evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of fever in SLE, with suboptimal implementations of evidence-based benefits related to infectious disease control and/or prevention strategies in SLE. Vigilance in identifying an opportunistic infection must be stressed when confronted by a diagnostic challenge during a presentation with a febrile illness in SLE. A balanced approach must focus on management of infections in SLE, and reduction in the glucocorticoids dose, given the need to control lupus disease activity to avoid lupus related organ damage and mortality. Clinical judgement and application of biomarkers of lupus flares could reduce false positives and overdiagnosis and improve differentiation of infections from lupus flares. Further precision-based risk and screening measures must identify individuals who would benefit most from low dose immunosuppressive therapy, targeted immune therapy, and vaccination programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"125-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/15/63/oarrr-15-125.PMC10391536.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9924390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert Opinion Guidance on the Detection of Early Connective Tissue Diseases in Interstitial Lung Disease.","authors":"Rajaie Namas,&nbsp;Mohamed Elarabi,&nbsp;Fouad Fayad,&nbsp;Aqeel A Muhanna Ghanem,&nbsp;Adeeba Al-Herz,&nbsp;Waleed Hafiz,&nbsp;Abhay Joshi,&nbsp;Mira Merashli,&nbsp;Jad Okais,&nbsp;Imad Uthman,&nbsp;Khuloud Saleh Essa,&nbsp;Mohammed A Omair","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S401709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S401709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a significant variation in symptoms and clinical presentation of connective tissue disorders (CTD) associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) (CTD-ILD). This presents difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of CTD-ILD. Early detection and treatment of CTD-ILD using a multidisciplinary approach have been shown to enhance patient outcomes. This exercise aims to explore clinical components to develop a screening tool for pulmonologists for early detection of CTD in ILD and to provide a framework for a multidisciplinary approach in managing CTD-ILD. This in turn will lead to early treatment of CTD-ILD in collaboration with rheumatologists. A panel of 12 leading rheumatologists from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region met virtually to select the most relevant clinical findings to aid in identifying CTD-ILD. Twelve panellists opted to investigate seven of the most common inflammatory autoimmune disorders. The panel discussed how to improve the early detection of CTD-ILD. Clinical characteristics were categorized, and a nine-item questionnaire was created. A biphasic algorithm was developed to guide early referral to a rheumatologist based on the presence of one of nine clinical features of CTD (Phase 1) or the presence of CTD-specific antibodies (Phase 2). A brief questionnaire has been developed to serve as a simple and practical screening tool for CTD-ILD detection. Additional research is needed to validate and evaluate the tool in longitudinal cohorts.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"93-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c9/8d/oarrr-15-93.PMC10237281.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9576468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to the Diagnosis of Early Inflammatory Arthritis: A Literature Review.","authors":"Liliana Saraiva,&nbsp;Catia Duarte","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S282622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S282622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The early identification of patients with inflammatory arthritis and their referral to rheumatologists in order to establish a diagnosis and to start treatment plays a crucial role in patient outcomes. However, it is recognized that a large proportion of patients with inflammatory arthritis are diagnosed very late, losing the opportunity to start treatment in the very early stages of disease, resulting in a worse prognosis. This delay depends on several factors related to the patient, the disease, socio-demographic and health system aspects. Over time, several strategies have been developed and implemented at different levels aiming to overcome such barriers and to reduce the time from the onset of the symptoms until the diagnosis and start of adequate treatment. In this non-systematic comprehensive review, we will describe the main barriers in the identification of patients with inflammatory arthritis at different levels. We will also discuss the different strategies that have been implemented with the objective to overcome the recognized barriers and their impact in the reduction of delays.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/05/7a/oarrr-15-11.PMC9888401.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10636954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Burden of Osteoarthritis in Africa and the Middle East: A Rapid Evidence Assessment.","authors":"Jamal Al Saleh,&nbsp;Hani Almoallim,&nbsp;Bassel Elzorkany,&nbsp;Ali Al Belooshi,&nbsp;Omar Batouk,&nbsp;Mohamed Fathy,&nbsp;Nora Vainstein,&nbsp;Abdullah M Kaki","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S390778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S390778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objectives: </strong>This rapid evidence assessment (REA) was conducted to assess the burden of weight-bearing joint osteoarthritis in the developing countries of Africa and the Middle East.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our REA methodology used a standardized search strategy to identify observational studies, published between January 1, 2010, and April 23, 2020, reporting on outcomes pertaining to the epidemiology and humanistic or economic burden of weight-bearing osteoarthritis. Relevant data from the included studies were used for qualitative analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 20 publications reporting on knee osteoarthritis in 10 countries in Africa and the Middle East, 2 also reported on hip, and 1 on foot osteoarthritis. Prevalence of symptomatic/radiographic knee OA was 9-14% among rheumatology outpatients and 31-34% among those with mixed etiology osteoarthritis. Prevalence of knee OA diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging was 70% among patients ≥40 years of age attending a hospital in Saudi Arabia. Quality-of-life outcomes were reported in 16 publications and suggested a substantial humanistic burden of osteoarthritis, including worse pain, function, and quality of life, and more depression; comparisons between studies were hampered by the variety of tools and scoring scales used, however. No studies reported on economic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This REA indicates a substantial burden of osteoarthritis in weight-bearing joints in Africa and the Middle East, consistent with publications from other regions of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/70/ee/oarrr-15-23.PMC10024869.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9158591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression in Saudi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Samar Alharbi","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S397489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S397489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, little is known about its prevalence and risk factors among Saudi patients, specifically. Therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence and predictors of depression in patients with RA in Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients registered at the Saudi Charitable Association for Rheumatic Diseases. Inclusion criteria were that the patients either met the American College of Rheumatology 1987 revised criteria for the classification of RA or the 2010 RA classification criteria. Demographic data and clinical variables were collected, and Beck's 21-item Depression Inventory was used to assess for depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 210 participants with RA, 171 were women (81.4%), and 39 were men (18.6%). The prevalence of depression was 68%. There were significant relationships between age, gender, marital status, and having depression. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was positive in 144 participants (68.6%), which positively correlated with the risk of having depression (<i>P</i> value < 0.001). Moreover, depression severity correlated with age, gender, marital status, RF positivity, and prolonged disease duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results, depression is highly prevalent in Saudi patients with RA, especially those with positive RF and those who are female, middle-aged, and divorced. Early detection and treatment of depression in patients with RA is highly recommended to improve their quality of life and avoid unfavorable effects on RA clinical progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b5/f9/oarrr-15-1.PMC9885770.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10642922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview on the Link Between the Complement System and Auto-Immune Articular and Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Paola Triggianese,&nbsp;Paola Conigliaro,&nbsp;Erica De Martino,&nbsp;Benedetta Monosi,&nbsp;Maria Sole Chimenti","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S318826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S318826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Complement system (CS) dysregulation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of different autoimmune diseases playing a central role in many immune innate and adaptive processes. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by ta breach of self-tolerance leading to a synovitis and extra-articular manifestations. The CS is activated in RA and seems not only to mediate direct tissue damage but also play a role in the initiation of RA pathogenetic mechanisms through interactions with citrullinated proteins. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents the most common extra-articular manifestation that can lead to progressive fibrosis. In this review, we focused on the evidence of CS dysregulation in RA and in ILD, and highlighted the role of the CS in both the innate and adaptive immune responses in the development of diseases, by using idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as a model of lung disease. As a proof of concept, we dissected the evidence that several treatments used to treat RA and ILD such as glucocorticoids, pirfenidone, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs, targeted biologics such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inhibitors, rituximab, tocilizumab, and nintedanib may act indirectly on the CS, suggesting that the CS might represent a potential therapeutic target in these complex diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"65-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/95/41/oarrr-15-65.PMC10198272.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9556934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}