Levant最新文献

{"title":"Documenting heritage in the 21st century: the EAMENA project and its potential for ‘big data’ research in Levantine archaeology","authors":"Letty ten Harkel, Michael Fradley, Pascal Flohr, A. Vafadari, Sayantani Neogi","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.2037890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.2037890","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) project (www.eamena.org) is among the most ambitious archaeological documentation projects ever to have taken place across the Middle East and North Africa. The project, under the current directorship of Bill Finlayson (2015–2021 director Robert Bewley), is funded by the Arcadia Fund (Arcadia, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing & Peter Baldwin, grant number 4178). It started as a collaboration between the universities of Oxford (PI: Andrew Wilson) and Leicester (Co-PI: David Mattingly), with Durham joining shortly afterwards (Co-PI: Graham Philip). In addition, extensive partnerships exist across the MENA region that were strengthened as a result of a series of training workshops funded by the UK’s Cultural Protection Fund (CPF), administered by the British Council on behalf of the Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. At the core of EAMENA’s methodology is archaeological survey, primarily using remote sensing sources (satellite imagery and aerial photographs), stretching from Mauretania to Iran (Fig. 1). Funding for the project was obtained in the aftermath of the 2010–2011 Arab Spring and during the rise of the so-called Islamic State group, which resulted in deliberate destruction of cultural heritage as well as damage through, for example, neglect following political instability. As travel (and therefore reliance on field survey) to some parts of the MENA region had become more restricted or impossible, the remote sensing methodology of the EAMENA project offered an alternative approach. In addition to fulfilling an urgent heritage management need, the overarching research vision of the EAMENA project is to take the scale of archaeological analysis in the MENA region to a new level in terms of big data. As such, it fulfils a major aim of the Arcadia Fund, which is primarily interested in the documentation of endangered aspects of the natural and cultural world and the promotion of open-access information to preserve knowledge (www.arcadiafund.org.uk/). This vision fits perfectly with the general trend towards the generation of large digital datasets that lies at the heart of the emergence of big data approaches over the last two decades. The collection of papers in this Special Issue is the result of an initial exploration of the research potential contained within the project’s open access Arches database. The EAMENA project builds on the success of previous remote-sensing research projects in the region — for example, the Fragile Crescent (e.g., Galiatsatos et al. 2009; Wilkinson et al. 2014) and the Trans-Saharan (e.g., Mattingly and Sterry 2013; Mattingly et al. 2013) projects — and other data collation initiatives across the globe, that attempt to make sense of the ever-increasing mass of archaeological information that is available today. The increase in data quantity globally in the current ‘Age of Information’ is widespread. Within the dis","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"265 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46539121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing the patterns: fields, villages, and burial places in Lebanon","authors":"Pascal Flohr, J. Bradbury, Letty ten Harkel","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1968114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1968114","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological research in Lebanon often focuses on settlement from the Bronze Age to Roman periods, while surrounding landscapes, earlier and later periods are under-represented. Large datasets collecting information from all periods and site types, such as the Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) database, address this imbalance. EAMENA predominantly uses satellite imagery to identify archaeological sites and the threats posed to them, leading to the recognition of many previously unpublished sites, including abandoned buildings and agricultural terraces. Here we explore how such data can be used to trace patterns of settlement and landscape use. Transects running from coast to uplands in northern and southern Lebanon are compared: the results show profound differences between north and south, and between coastal and inland zones. The importance of large, holistic datasets for previously understudied site types and periods in piecing together past patterns of land use, subsistence economies, burial traditions and change over time are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"315 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43437504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dura Europos.","authors":"John MacGinnis","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.2030145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.2030145","url":null,"abstract":"In this well written and produced book, Jennifer Baird gives a concise and readable summary of the exploration of the great site of Dura Europos, until recently a jewel in the archaeology of Syria, now devastated by the systemic looting that took place during the time when it came under terrorist control. This destruction is all the more tragic as Dura is an extraordinary site. As the seat of a Hellenistic fort, a Parthian administrative centre and a Roman military base, it gives an insight into periods of archaeology little investigated in Mesopotamia, and into the interface of the superpowers of the time. In Chapter 1, Baird covers the history of exploration at the site. She recounts the astonishing story of how, less than a month after the news of the discovery of wall paintings in March 1920 was conveyed to the British authorities in Baghdad (where the report landed on the desk of Gertrude Bell), James Henry Breasted of the Oriental Institute of Chicago was on his way to inspect the site, reaching it at the beginning ofMay that same year. The discoveries also caught the attention of the Belgian archaeologist Franz Cumont, who instigated the first scientific excavations at Dura (1922–23). These in turn led to the major excavations carried out on behalf of Yale University by Mikhail Rostovtzeff (1928–1937), with fieldwork directed by Maurice Pillet (1928–spring 1931) and Clark Hopkins (autumn 1931–spring 1935). The final two seasons of the Yale expedition were directed by Frank Brown (autumn 1935–spring 1937). Hostilities precluded the expedition taking advantage of an extension of the permit for the years 1939–45, and it was half a century until operations resumed, in 1986, under the direction of Pierre Leriche of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Assad al Mahmoud of the Syrian Directorate of Archaeology and Museums: these excavations lasted until 2011, at which point the outbreak of the Syrian war prevented further work. Following this excellent overview, Chapter 2 presents the archaeological remains at Dura. The city has its genesis in the Hellenistic period, probably founded by Seleucus Nicator and originally consisting, in all likelihood, of a fort ( phrourion) and a surrounding colony with attached parcels of land (kleroi). While it was this Hellenistic aspect which initially drew Rostovtzeff to the site, actual remains from this period are scarce. Nevertheless, it has now been established that the original Hellenistic garrison was in and around the Citadel in the eastern part of the site. It is not certain when Dura came under Parthian control: as noted by Baird (p. 23) the generally accepted date of 113 BC is based on numismatic evidence which is, however, not decisive. It is from this time that the role of Greek culture becomes so prominent. As Baird successfully illustrates, this is seen not only in the rich inventory of papyri, but in the widespread veneration of deities who are either Greek or have bilingual Greek","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"389 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43039707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of remote sensing and digital tools for cultural heritage management and archaeological research","authors":"Andrew Wilson","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2051901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2051901","url":null,"abstract":"This conclusion to the Special Issue on Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Mapping, Heritage Management and Research assesses developments in the use of satellite imagery for archaeological research in recent decades, and the potential to use the large EAMENA database, designed for cultural heritage management, for wider questions of archaeological research.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"384 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48242956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snapshots from the past: discoveries and destruction in the Jericho Oasis","authors":"Pierfrancesco Izzo, Michael Fradley, A. Zerbini","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.2015891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.2015891","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study of the rich archaeological landscape of the Jericho Oasis, drawing on historical aerial photography and more recent satellite imagery to survey this cultural landscape and assess issues affecting its preservation over the past century. The timing of the paper is pertinent as non-U.S. satellite companies have recently begun to produce higher resolution satellite imagery of Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), and restrictions on imagery resolution in the U.S. have been lowered as a result of research by the EAMENA project. Whilst increasingly widespread availability of high-resolution satellite imagery and orthophotos can effectively support heritage monitoring in this heavily-developed region, this paper demonstrates that it is the use of historical aerial photography that has enabled the identification of a range of previously unrecognized archaeological features. These new data offer a first tentative step in revising our current understanding of the development of human settlement across the Jericho Oasis.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"347 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48898568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The late Ottoman defended landscapes along the Hijaz railway in southern Jordan","authors":"J. Winterburn","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1988247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1988247","url":null,"abstract":"The Hijaz Railway was built to transport hajj pilgrims from Damascus to Medina and Mecca. This paper examines railway landscapes in the south of Jordan and how they were militarized by a garrison at Maʿan and troops at smaller stations. Fieldwork has shown an extensive defended landscape surrounding the railway, but a date for constructing these fortifications was previously unknown. This paper demonstrates that the railway was lightly defended when constructed (1900–1908), however, after the capture of Aqaba in July 1917, and the establishment of a British base there, the Ottomans rapidly defended the landscapes with a series of forts, earthworks and trench systems. These defences are among the last constructed by the Ottoman Empire. They are some of the best-preserved early 20th-century CE military defences in the Middle East. They are not, however, protected and are subject to damage from industry and looting.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"366 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44156886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philistine urban form at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: a magnetometric perspective","authors":"Andrew. Creekmore, A. Maeir","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1947647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1947647","url":null,"abstract":"Some scholars view Philistine settlement in the southern Levant as the dominant, colonizing imposition of a new urbanism following a period of small cities and structural realignment during the Late Bronze Age. Others view Philistine urbanism as a gradual process that marks emergent, rather than imposed, cities. Here we explore Philistine urban planning through magnetometer and excavation data from Tell es-Safi/Gath. Results show that the northern lower city has dense, symmetrical buildings bordering main streets, an industrial area, potential extra-mural settlement, and many burned structures. Comparing these results to planning in other Philistine cities, we argue that these cities were moderately planned because they have many shared features, an emphasis on ordered spaces, and possibly discrete locations for industrial activities, but spatial divisions and street widths were not rigidly enforced, and the relative location of specialized activities varies. This finding is consistent with the emergent model of Philistine urbanism.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"164 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00758914.2021.1947647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44156386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Frankish Castle of Dor","authors":"S. Lantos, A. Yasur‐Landau, Gil Gambash, Rabei G. Khamisy","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1983285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1983285","url":null,"abstract":"The Castle of Dor occupied a strategically important location on the Carmel Coast in Israel. This little-known castle has been identified by modern scholarship with Crusader Merle. A new excavation, conducted in 2018, produced finds which shed light on the architecture and time of use of the castle. The excavation revealed an elaborate building, constructed in two building phases at the very least. The new finds, together with the historical accounts, indicate that the use of the excavated building may be dated to the 12th and 13th centuries. Comparing the historical sources with the results of the excavation, it is suggested that this building belonged to the Templar occupation of the site. It thus provides new information regarding the history of the Templars, as well as that of the medieval Carmel coast micro-region more broadly.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"217 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42853014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coins from south of the North Gate of Jerash","authors":"Adnan Shiyyab, Thomas Bauzou","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1939482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1939482","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a descriptive and analytical study of a group of bronze coins discovered in the northern part of Jerash. The aim of this study is to shed light on the history of this part of the city through the coins. The result of this analysis shows that these coins represent the historical periods, starting with the Greek, followed by the Nabataean, Roman and finally early Islamic period. It is noticeable that Greek, Nabataean and Islamic coins are few in number and represent only a very small percentage of the total; Romans coins account for the vast majority. An important point of note is the absence of Byzantine coins within the group.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"186 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45120975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absolute chronology of Black Wheel Made Ware in the southern Levant and its synchronization with the northern Levant","authors":"Ronen Lev, Shlomit Bechar, K. Covello-Paran, E. Boaretto","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1960003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1960003","url":null,"abstract":"Black Wheel Made Ware (BWMW) is a distinguished pottery-type of the Intermediate Bronze Age (EB IV) in the Levant, a period dated to the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Considerable research was done both on the origin of BWMW and on how these vessels reflect inter-regional relations. This paper presents the first radiocarbon-based absolute dating of BWMW contexts, sampled from a few sites in northern Israel. These 14C dates clearly point to the 23rd century BCE as the period when BWMW was a circulated commodity in the southern Levant. Pottery types that are commonly found together with BWMW are potential candidates for the same chronological horizon. BWMW examples found in the northern Levant have no associated absolute dates and are assigned in general to the EB IVB period. Thus, the new dates presented here are, currently, the only secure absolute dating of BWMW pottery and should be used to revisit the absolute chronology of northern Levant sites where BWMW pottery has been identified.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":"53 1","pages":"151 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49506132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}