Advances in Radio Science最新文献

{"title":"Systematic methods for the synthesis of equidistant MIMO arrays","authors":"M. Holder, Mark Eberspächer","doi":"10.5194/ars-21-15-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-15-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Finding a feasible antenna arrangement for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) arrays to serve a specific purpose is a first crucial step towards a successful MIMO radar system design. Design methods to synthesize uniformly weighted and equidistant MIMO arrays are proposed and investigated. The methods can be used to gain a design foundation for 1D or 2D arrays without software tools or programming effort. Since the presented approach does not consider electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic full-wave simulations might be required additionally. The method is based on sequentially copying and displacing antenna groups with the help of a number scheme. A nomenclature is proposed to classify the degrees of freedom in the design procedure. If the antennas are aligned to a uniform grid, a polynomial representation of the array can be chosen alternatively. This method is beneficial when redundancies of a produced array and where they appear must be analyzed. A new design problem arises when an array is to consist of only transceiving antennas, which can be analyzed with polynomial multiplication. One strategy to find a suitable MIMO array consisting of transceiver elements is given and evaluated.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138621801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vulnerability of Smart Grid-enabled Protection Relays to IEMI","authors":"F. Arduini, Marian Lanzrath, S. Ghosalkar, Arash Nateghi, S. Fisahn, M. Schaarschmidt","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-131-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-131-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The electricity sector has been undergoing transformations towards the smart grid concept, which aims to improve the robustness, efficiency, and flexibility of the power system. This transition has been achieved by the introduction of smart electronic devices (SEDs) and advanced automatic control and communication systems. Despite the benefits of such modernization, safety issues have emerged with significant concern by experts and entities worldwide. One of these issues is known as Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI), where offenders employ high-power electromagnetic sources to maliciously disrupt or damage electronic devices. One of the possible gateways for IEMI attacks targeting the smart grids is the microprocessor-based protection relays. On the one hand, the malfunctioning of these devices can lead to equipment damage, including high-voltage equipment (e.g., power transformers), which represent one of the most high-cost items of energy infrastructure. On the other hand, a possible misleading triggering of these devices could cause cascading effects along the various nodes of the power system, resulting in widespread blackouts. Thus, this study presents the possible recurring effects of IEMI exposure of a typical protection relay used in smart grid substations as part of the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. For this purpose, a test setup containing a smart grid protective unit, a monitoring box, and the device's wiring harness is exposed to radiated IEMI threats with high-power narrowband signals using a TEM waveguide and horn antennas. The effects during the test campaigns are observed by means of an IEMI-hardened camera system and a software developed to real-time monitor the device's fibre optic communication link, which is established according to the IEC 60870-5-105 protocol. The results revealed failures ranging from display deviation to various types of protection relay shutdown. Moreover, the consequences of the identified failures in a power substation are discussed to feed into a risk analysis regarding the threat of IEMI to power infrastructures.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44447031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and Analytical Description of Parasitic Probe Effects in Measurements of Conductor-Backed Coplanar Waveguides","authors":"Gia Ngoc Phung, Uwe Arz","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-119-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-119-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. On-wafer measurements are of fundamental importance to the characterization of active and passive devices at millimetre-wave frequencies. They have been commonly known to be ambitious and challenging due to the occurrence of parasitic effects originating from probes, multimode propagation, crosstalk between adjacent structures and radiation. While a lot of investigations have been performed for conventional coplanar waveguides (CPW) measured on ceramic chucks, the parasitic effects occuring in conductor-backed CPWs (CB-CPWs) have not been fully understood yet. Therefore, this paper presents a thorough study for CB-CPWs based on electromagnetic simulations. Additionally, this paper proposes an analytical description accounting for the probe geometries to predict the occurrence of resonance effects due to the propagation of the parallel-plate-line (PPL) mode. For the first time, a new analytical description including the effects of the probe geometries is presented and validated by both measurements and simulations.","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136120601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antenna Setup for Future Joint Radar-Communications – Characteristics and Mounting Positions","authors":"Maximilian Lübke, Jonas Fuchs, Anand Dubey, M. Frank, Norman Franchi, F. Lurz","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-55-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-55-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The development of millimeter wave systems is driven by the strong trend toward new communications generations and especially by the emerging joint radar and communications design approach.\u0000Safety-critical applications like platooning or intersection assistance will significantly benefit from the combination of sensing and communications.\u0000While radar performs a channel measurement and thus, needs a wide field of view (especially in city/intersection scenarios), communications aims to minimize the interference for other not addressed receivers (e. g. in a platoon) by a focused antenna design.\u0000The proposed work extends the analysis of the influence of various antenna positioning\u0000for a typical automotive scene by taking also different characteristics (antenna gain, half power beamwidth, and sidelobe level) into account.\u0000Hereby, it is mandatory to investigate the communications and sensing performance simultaneously.\u0000The positions at the front bumper – typical for radar sensors – and especially at the left mirror convinced regarding the vehicular communications as well as the sensing behaviour.\u0000Applying focused antennas is promising, however, has also limits if the signals are not received out of the main beam but out of the sidelobes, resulting in a critical communications performance.\u0000Thus, beam steering is recommended to be applied in the future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48480705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migrating and nonmigrating tidal signatures in sporadic E layer occurrence rates","authors":"C. Jacobi, K. Kandieva, C. Arras","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-85-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-85-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We analyse sporadic E (ES) layer occurrence rates (OR) obtained from ionospheric GPS radio occultation measurements by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC constellation. Maximum OR are seen at 95–105 km altitude. Midlatitude ES layers are mainly due to wind shear in the presence of tides, and the strongest signals are the migrating diurnal and semidiurnal components. Especially in the Southern Hemisphere, nonmigrating components such as a diurnal westward wave 2 and a semidiurnal westward wave 1 are also visible, especially at higher latitudes. Near the equator, a strong diurnal eastward wavenumber 3 component and a semidiurnal eastward wavenumber 2 component occur in summer and autumn. Terdiurnal and quarterdiurnal components are weaker than the diurnal and semidiurnal ones.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42000199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Additional Antenna Groundplanes on RTK-GNSS Positioning Accuracy of UAVs","authors":"S. Punzet, T. Eibert","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-23-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-23-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Precise position information is important for terrestrial and airborne surveying systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Those systems often rely on real-time kinematic (RTK) global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) for position determination, where the GNSS antenna mounting environment impacts the GNSS position accuracy to a great extent. This paper investigates the impact of different supplementary groundplane shapes, sizes, and materials on multi-band patch and helical GNSS antennas at both, the UAV rover and RTK base station with respect to the achievable position accuracy. The groundplanes consist of solid aluminum sheets or copper plated printed circuit boards (PCBs) and are mounted directly underneath the GNSS antennas. Appropriate supplementary groundplanes are found to significantly improve the GNSS position accuracy in the majority of test cases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41555462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interdigital Resonators in Wideband Ridged-Waveguide Filters","authors":"Jonas Weindl, Matthias G. Ehrnsperger, A. Prasetiadi, T. Eibert","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-29-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-29-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. An interdigital resonator approach for wideband filter applications in ridged-waveguide technology is presented. The interdigital arrangement of the ridged-waveguide resonators ensures stronger coupling between the resonators. As the coupling sections are consequently enlarged by the interdigital arrangement of the resonators, more feasible filter structures are possible at increasing frequencies.\u0000The approach itself can be easily implemented with conventional filter synthesis formulas, which is demonstrated by two 20 GHz examples with a bandwidth of 2 GHz and 100 MHz, respectively. The designed filters are subsequently compared to the standard implementation of ridged-waveguide filters.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48301300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Rotation of Antenna Array Elements – Rotation Angle for Optimum Array Polarization","authors":"K. Kuhlmann","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-17-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-17-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The principle of sequential rotation, a well-known method to arrange the radiating elements of antenna arrays, is briefly described, and the impact on the polarization of different antenna array configurations is presented. The influence of the number of rotations and rotation angles is investigated, and arrangements for optimized polarization quality of antenna arrays are shown, which are of significant importance for current and future communications systems.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44400391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case study of radio emission beam associated to very low frequency signal recorded onboard CSES satellite","authors":"M. Boudjada, H. Eichelberger, E. Al-Haddad, W. Magnes, P. Galopeau, Xuemin Zhang, A. Pollinger, H. Lammer","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-77-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-77-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We report on the variation of electric power density\u0000linked to very low frequency (VLF) signal observed during the minimum of\u0000solar cycle 25. The detected VLF signal is emitted by the NWC radio station\u0000localized in the southern hemisphere, at 21.5∘ S and\u0000114.2∘ E. We attempt in this work to quantify the beam as detected\u0000by the Electric Field Detector (EFD) instrument onboard CSES satellite.\u0000Geometrical key parameters have been considered to analysis the variation of the power density taking into consideration the distance between the\u0000satellite trajectory and the NWC station and its conjugate region. The beam\u0000behavior is found to be subject to significant disturbances in the conjugate\u0000region with the presence of signal modulations. Above the NWC transmitter\u0000station, the beam can be considered as a hollow cone but with irregularity\u0000dependence on the electric power density.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44801044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculation of the Combined Electric Field Response of Multiple Nonlinear Antenna Loads due to HPEM Excitation","authors":"R. Michels, M. Schaarschmidt, S. Fisahn, F. Gronwald","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-47-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-47-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The electromagnetic properties of receiving and scattering structures with nonlinear components are difficult to predict, especially if more than one nonlinear load is involved. In this contribution a frame antenna with two diodes that act as nonlinear loads is analyzed. This receiving antenna structure is illuminated by a polarized plane wave, carrying a transient HPEM signal. It is then the given task to compute the electric field distribution in the vicinity of the antenna. To this end, a macromodel of the nonlinearly loaded structure that relates the transient signal to the electric field measured at an observation point is derived. As a result it is seen how recent macromodeling techniques can be applied to solve the given problem step by step. This provides the possibility to further analyze the interaction of the given nonlinear loads by a general framework.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45057321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}