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Observatory Column That Cracked Because of High Residual Stresses and Stress Raisers in the Welds 由于高残余应力和焊缝中的应力升高而开裂的观景台柱
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047512
{"title":"Observatory Column That Cracked Because of High Residual Stresses and Stress Raisers in the Welds","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047512","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During construction of a revolving sky-tower observatory, a 2.4 m (8 ft) diam cylindrical column developed serious circumferential cracks overnight at the 14 m (46 ft) level where two 12 m (40 ft) sections were joined by a girth weld. The temperatures ranged from 12 deg C (53 deg F) to 7 deg C (45 deg F) that night. The column was shop fabricated in 12 m (40 ft) long sections of 19 mm (3/4 in.) thick steel plate of ASTM A36 steel. Crack initiation was caused by high residual stress during girth welding, and the presence of notches formed by the termination of the incomplete welds. Continuation of the cracks was attributed to the brittle condition of the steel when cooled by the night air. A steel with a much lower ductile-to-brittle transition temperature is essential for this type of structure. Other necessary steps include better control of the girth-welding, choice of a more favorable electrode to avoid porosity, careful termination of all welds to avoid formation of notches, and completion of all welds before other sections of the column are erected.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124915497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Posttensioning Wires 后张钢丝的氢脆
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0007736
{"title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement of Posttensioning Wires","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0007736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0007736","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Single 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) post-tensioning wires failed in a parking garage in the southern portion of the United States. Several failed wires were removed and the lengths were examined for signs of corrosion using SEM metallography. The scans showed localized shallow pitting, and chloride was detected in some of the pits. The test also revealed an initial crack that was probably caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Since no chloride was detected on the fracture surface, and none was detected in the overlying concrete, the corrosion appears to have begun prior to the wires' placement in the concrete.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125114830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pitting Corrosion of Copper Pipes for Potable Water Delivery 饮用水输送铜管的点蚀
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001697
A.H. Khan
{"title":"Pitting Corrosion of Copper Pipes for Potable Water Delivery","authors":"A.H. Khan","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001697","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Corrosion in potable and nonpotable water systems has been well documented in the past, and new research discusses innovations in water treatment and materials that are designed to enhance the quality of a water system, whether commercial or residential. This paper is a collection of five case histories on the failure of copper and steels as used in potable and non-potable water systems. The case histories cover a range of applications in which copper and steel products have been used. Copper and steel pipes are the two most commonly used materials in residential, commercial and industrial applications. The projects that are discussed cover these three important applications. The purpose of presenting this information is to allow the reader to gain an understanding of real life corrosion issues that affect plumbing materials, how they should have been addressed during the design of the water system, and how a water system should be maintained during service. We share this information in the hope that the reader will gain some limited knowledge of the problems that exist, and apply that knowledge in designing or using water systems in day-to day life.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132537259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Spiral-Welded Water Pipe 螺旋焊水管故障
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001017
C. Craft
{"title":"Failure of a Spiral-Welded Water Pipe","authors":"C. Craft","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 10-in. diam, spiral-welded AISI 1020 carbon steel pipe carrying water under pressure developed numerous leaks over a four mile section. The section was fabricated using submerged-arc welding from the outside surface. Each welded length of pipe had been subjected to a proof pressure approximately twice the specified design pressure and two-thirds the approximate yield point of the parent metal. No failures or leakage were observed during proof testing. Metallurgical examination corroborated visual checks, indicating a distinct lack of root penetration in the split areas. Splitting occurred as a result of inadequate root penetration. The most likely source of difficulty in the welding process was the linear speed. Probably, the failures would not have occurred in absence of the welding problem. Also, the pipe was inadequate for the specified design pressure, as well as the reported maximum system pressure.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133318409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Uniform Corrosion of a Copper Pipe Coupling 铜管接头的均匀腐蚀
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0091292
{"title":"Uniform Corrosion of a Copper Pipe Coupling","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0091292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0091292","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 25 mm (1 in.) copper coupling had been uniformly degraded around most of the circumference of the bell and partially on the spigot end. One penetration finally occurred through the thinned area on the spigot end of the pipe. Investigation supported the conclusion that although the pipe was buried in noncorrosive sandy soil, it was found to incur stray currents at 2 Vdc in relation to a Cu/CuSO4 half cell. Recommendations included eliminating, moving, or shielding the source of stray current.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115296798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture of a Cross on a Church Steeple 教堂尖塔上十字架的断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001205
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Fracture of a Cross on a Church Steeple","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001205","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A cross crowned by a gilded cock on a church steeple hung in a slanted position from its support after a stormy night. Fracture had occurred on the shaft of the cross which was formed by a seamless steel tubing of 60 mm OD and 2.7 mm wall thickness. The fracture had not occurred at the point of highest stress, but approximately 200 mm above it. A bell-shaped sheet metal cap was welded onto the shaft at this point. The tubing had fractured about 10 mm under this weld seam. The steel of the shaft tubing contained only 0.033P and 0.004N, and thus was not considered prone to brittle fracture or unsuitable for welded structures. Investigation showed the design of the cross was an unfortunate mistake. If the bell-shaped cap was really essential it should have been fastened by means other than welding. Furthermore, the welding was done poorly after an initial aborted attempt. This was the primary cause of fracture.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114622096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Crack Propagation of Sirocco Fan 热风扇的裂纹扩展
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001576
K. Sakaguchi, M. Kubo
{"title":"Crack Propagation of Sirocco Fan","authors":"K. Sakaguchi, M. Kubo","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001576","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Macrofractographs of the fracture surface from a multibladed fan showed that cracks started at the corner where bending stress was concentrated and propagated through the blade by fatigue. Peak stress at the monitoring position was less than 10 MPa. To simulate crack growth, the rotor was repeatedly deformed by a hydraulic fatigue tester. Comparison of striations of the failed blade with that of the tested one revealed the failed blade was loaded with more than 30 MPa of stress. These tests confirmed that the rotor and blades had sufficient strength to withstand up to 3x the stress of normal operation. The casing of the fan was vibrated at 10 to 60 Hz. Peak stress easily overcame 30 MPa, which was enough to initiate cracking. The fracture surfaces and starting position were the same as those on the failed fan. It was concluded that the exciting force from an air compressor caused blade failure.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127246539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue Failure Surfaces of Concrete Reinforcement 混凝土钢筋的疲劳与腐蚀疲劳破坏面
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001656
H. Roper
{"title":"Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue Failure Surfaces of Concrete Reinforcement","authors":"H. Roper","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001656","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Some corrosion processes in the presence of chlorides, for steel embedded in concrete, are described and illustrated with the aid of scanning electron microscope EDXA data. Observations made of failure surfaces of reinforcements removed from the concrete beams after being subjected to sinusoidal load fluctuations at 6.7 Hz in air, 3% NaCl solution, and natural sea water are described. Reinforcement types studied included: hot-rolled mild steel bar, hot-rolled alloyed high strength bar, cold-worked high strength bar, galvanized bar of all these three types, nickel-clad bar and epoxy-coated bar.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114263332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corroded Leaky Stainless Steel Pipes 不锈钢管腐蚀漏水
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001168
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Corroded Leaky Stainless Steel Pipes","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001168","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Steel pipes, used for years in a food factory soft water preheater, were found to leak as a result of corrosion. The pipes, made of 18/8 steel, were immersed in steam maintained at 0.5 atm and 150 deg C. They carried desalinated process water, heating it to approximately 100 deg C. Inspection revealed a reddish-brown coating on the outside of the pipe with a few flat pitting holes and incipient cracks. Corrosion was also observed on the inner walls of the pipe, consisting of rust patches with pitting scars, branching out to predominantly transcrystalline cracks. In this case, leaking appears to be the result of a combination of pitting and stress corrosion, most likely due to chlorides. The factory was recommended to use molybdenum-alloyed steels (type 18/10 or 18/12) which are more resistant to local disruption of passivating films and pitting than molybdenum-free types such as 18/8.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130286437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Galvanic-Corrosion Failure of a Malleable Iron Latch in a Valve for an Automatic Sprinkler System 自动喷水灭火系统阀门中可锻铸铁闩的电偶腐蚀失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0046505
{"title":"Galvanic-Corrosion Failure of a Malleable Iron Latch in a Valve for an Automatic Sprinkler System","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0046505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0046505","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of three valves in a dry automatic sprinkler system tripped accidentally, thus activating the sprinklers. Maintenance records showed that the three valves had been in service less than two years. The valve consisted of a cast copper alloy clapper plate that was held closed by a pivoted malleable iron latch. The latch and top surface of the clapper plate were usually in a sanitary-water environment (stabilized, chlorinated well water with a pH of 7.3) under stagnant conditions. Process make-up water that had been clarified, filtered, softened, and chlorinated and had a pH of 9.8 was occasionally used in the system. Analysis (visual inspection and 250x micrograph) supported the conclusions that failure of the latch was caused by plastic deformation from extensive loss of metal by galvanic corrosion and the sudden loading related to the tripping of the valve. Failure in some regions of the contact area was by ductile (transgranular) fracture. Recommendations included changing the latch material from malleable iron to silicon bronze (C87300). The use of silicon bronze prevents corrosion or galvanic attack and proper adjustment of the latch maintains an adequate contact area.","PeriodicalId":448888,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129586956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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