{"title":"The use of voice in music therapy","authors":"K. Murphy","doi":"10.1093/MTP/MIAB002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MTP/MIAB002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46278374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Music Therapy Respite Program for Caregivers of Individuals With Memory Loss","authors":"Becky Wellman","doi":"10.1093/mtp/miaa022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miaa022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Music therapy has been a known positive and impactful intervention for adults with memory loss, but previous research and program reports have focused mainly on residents in long-term care facilities. In this study, a caregiver survey was utilized to learn how Music Therapy Respite, a community-based drop-in program, benefited caregivers and their care partner and if this changed based on attendance in a professionally led support group. One hundred twenty-eight surveys were collected over 23 sessions in a 4-month period. Survey results showed that stress and anxiety decreased and mood changed for the better for both caregivers and group participants, but attendance in the support group did not significantly impact these changes. Future research with more rigor, consistency, and additional measures such as changes in cognitive testing, and individual responses within sessions is needed to clearly define community-based benefit, needs, and full impact of music therapy for this population.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/mtp/miaa022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46659779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel N. Rodgers-Melnick, K. Gam, S. Debanne, J. Little
{"title":"Music Use in Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Pilot Survey Study","authors":"Samuel N. Rodgers-Melnick, K. Gam, S. Debanne, J. Little","doi":"10.1093/MTP/MIAA026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MTP/MIAA026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of genetic disorders primarily affecting individuals of African descent. Adults with SCD experience both acute and chronic pain. Data on music preferences, resources, and music-based pain strategies of adults with SCD are needed to tailor future music therapy interventions to the unique needs of adults with SCD. The purpose of this study was to (1) gather descriptive data related to music use in adults with SCD and (2) explore associations between participants’ music use, pain interference, and perceived helpfulness of music for reducing pain. In total, 100 adults with SCD participated in this survey during outpatient clinic visits. Results indicate a population that: (1) faces significant challenges related to pain interference (M = 61.13, SE = 0.76); (2) perceives music as being helpful for managing challenges, including mood (57%), sleep (48%), stress (47%), and pain (37%); (3) purposefully engages in music listening to manage pain (74%); and (4) would be interested in participating in music therapy services in inpatient (88%) and outpatient (81%) settings. Participants selected songs in genres, such as Hip-Hop/Rap and R&B/Soul, that contrast with previously reported characteristics of music for pain management. There was a moderate positive correlation (rs = 0.516, p < .001) between the number of strategies used alongside music and the perceived helpfulness of music for reducing pain. Findings inform the clinical use of music therapy and support future music therapy research with this population to address quality of life.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/MTP/MIAA026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48306383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Musical Authenticity: Music Therapists’ Perceptions and Practices","authors":"Nora Bryant Veblen, O. Yinger, Martina Vasil","doi":"10.1093/MTP/MIAA028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MTP/MIAA028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Board-certified music therapists (MT-BCs) are expected to provide live music in numerous client-preferred genres, yet often face barriers that prevent them from recreating this music with musical authenticity, defined here as adhering to the expectations of the genre. The purpose of this survey was to investigate the perceptions and practices of MT-BCs (n = 904, 12%) regarding musical authenticity in their own practice. We collected quantitative and qualitative survey data on the importance of musical authenticity, barriers to and strategies for providing music authentically, and the use of electronic technology and the iPad. Descriptive and thematic analyses revealed that MT-BCs value musical authenticity but balance its importance with therapeutic needs and other types of authenticity that are deemed more important. Participants reported that they lacked knowledge of popular genres, functional musicianship, and electronic technology, which created major barriers to providing musical authenticity. Additionally, we found trends related to gender identity and the use of electronic technology in that significantly more male MT-BCs reported using electronic technology compared with female MT-BCs. Overall, however, less than half of the participants reported using either electronic technology or the iPad to increase musical authenticity. With these results in mind, and building on the results of Schippers and Fetterley, we created a model of recontextualization for music therapy practice. This practical tool is intended to guide music therapists to consider multiple issues of authenticity when learning music for clients.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/MTP/MIAA028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49259216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Hiller, Courtney Belt, Susan C. Gardstrom, Joy Willenbrink-Conte
{"title":"Safeguarding Curricular Self-Experiences in Undergraduate Music Therapy Education and Training","authors":"James Hiller, Courtney Belt, Susan C. Gardstrom, Joy Willenbrink-Conte","doi":"10.1093/mtp/miaa027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miaa027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this paper is to put forth a model to support the psychological safety of undergraduate students as they engage in a form of experiential learning called self-experiences (SEs). SEs pair active engagement in learning episodes with learner self-inquiry. The need to safeguard curricular SEs is grounded in the American Music Therapy Association’s Professional Competencies and Code of Ethics and the Certification Board for Music Therapists’ Board Certification Domains. We first explicate several types and benefits of SEs and identify potential risks and contraindications that may compromise learners’ psychological safety and even cause harm. Next, we describe the steps we took in developing the model and gaining administrative approval. We outline major tenets and describe specific safeguarding practices at various levels of implementation. We offer a hypothetical vignette to contextualize the information, address certain challenges in implementing this model, and offer recommendations for future research related to undergraduate experiential learning. Educators, clinical trainers, and supervisors who employ SEs are encouraged to implement safeguards toward upholding professional ethics and supporting learners’ personal and professional development.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48884524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Preliminary Overview of Music Therapy Reimbursement Practice in the United States","authors":"K. Sena Moore, L. Peebles","doi":"10.1093/mtp/miaa025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miaa025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Music therapy services are currently being reimbursed through state and private insurance funding streams, yet to date, there is no known systematic exploration on music therapy reimbursement practices. Such information would be helpful to include when communicating with third-party payers and can assist in tracking reimbursement trends. Thus, we sought to provide baseline information on how music therapy services are currently being reimbursed in the United States, with a focus on approved treatment parameters, referral sources, Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes used, and types of music interventions and music therapy experiences implemented. Board-certified music therapists in private practice who had successfully obtained reimbursement for music therapy services between 2012 and 2018 completed a 28-item online survey. In total, 7 respondents provided information on 55 unique reimbursement cases from 5 different states, most of which were based on Medicaid waiver programs. We conducted descriptive analyses to summarize music therapy reimbursement practices. Most of the clients were referred by doctors or physician’s assistants. The most common CPT code utilized was 97530 (Therapeutic Activities, one-on-one, each 15 minutes), and most of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes were based on specific diagnoses rather than general clinical needs. In most of the cases, reimbursement of music therapy was ongoing, and services incorporated a variety of music therapy methods, with few specific music interventions identified. Most notably, reimbursement practice varied by state; thus, we recommend the creation and dissemination of state-specific surveys.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/mtp/miaa025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46393420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Playing With Chaos: Broadening Possibilities for How Music Therapist’s Consider Chaos in Group Work With Young People","authors":"H. Oosthuizen, K. Mcferran","doi":"10.1093/mtp/miaa024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miaa024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many music therapists have alluded to challenges in their work with groups of young people. However, chaos, incorporating experiences of disintegration and destruction, is a construct often overlooked in music therapy literature. Some music therapy authors have related experiences of chaos to the struggles faced by young people referred for therapy. These experiences require management, modification, or resolution. The authors of this article synthesized broader understandings and approaches towards chaos described in literature from fields including music therapy group work, drama therapy, the arts, psychoanalysis, organizational studies, and philosophy. Chaos is positioned as an inherent and necessary aspect of music therapy groups with young people, situated within a mutually potentiating relationship with more ordered features of a group process. From this paradoxical perspective, therapeutic transformation is enabled through creativity that holds the tension between order and the destructiveness of chaos. When chaos is welcomed in music therapy groups and framed within appropriate boundaries, the authors argue that experiences of chaos can be harnessed to support engagement with the paradoxes of creativity and destructiveness. The provision of a space to play with chaos supports young people who are required to flourish within adverse, chaotic life circumstances. The significance of this position for a group of young people who have committed offences in the South African context is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/mtp/miaa024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49318656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Descriptive Analysis of Music Therapy Employment from 2013 to 2019","authors":"J. Oden","doi":"10.1093/mtp/miaa021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miaa021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this study was to descriptively analyze music therapy employment data from 2013 to 2019, including years in the field, gender, age, ethnicity, hours worked, jobs created, number of new board-certified music therapists (MT-BCs), funding sources, and wages. A database was created to analyze descriptive data from the 2013–2019 American Music Therapy Association Workforce Analysis Surveys as well as data from the Certification Board for Music Therapists. Results indicate a large portion of music therapists (MTs) have been in the field for five years or less. Though the majority of MTs work full time, there is a high rate of part-time employment. An estimate of the total number of new full-time jobs represented a ratio of 57% of new MT-BCs during the period. Private pay was the most reported funding source for music therapy services. Music therapy wages tended to be higher for those with higher levels of education. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are provided.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/mtp/miaa021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43023479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating Music Therapy Students into Interprofessional Education: Academic Program Development","authors":"Anthony Meadows, Anne Schempp, B. Landless","doi":"10.1093/mtp/miz024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miz024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Interprofessional education (IPE) occurs when students from two or more professions associated with health or social care engage in learning with, from, and about each other. IPE addresses four essential competencies that not only seek to prepare students for interprofessional practice, but also strive to improve the overall quality of healthcare delivery for patients and their families. This article describes the development of an IPE program that fully integrates music therapy students into program-wide and program-to-program IPE events. We identify core components of IPE, describe the development of program-wide and program-to-program events involving undergraduate and graduate music therapy students, and discuss the benefits and challenges encountered during program development. In doing so, we advocate for IPE as a core component of music therapy education and training.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/mtp/miz024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45978305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“It’s My Time”: Older Adults’ Experiences and Perceived Benefits of Participation in an Intergenerational Rock Band","authors":"Nathalie Wlodarczyk","doi":"10.1093/mtp/miz021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miz021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this qualitative content analysis was to explore the experiences and perceived benefits for older adult members who participated in an intergenerational rock band (IGRB) pairing older adults with college students. Participants (n = 29) were first-time older adult IGRB members who completed semi-structured interviews over the course of 5 years. Interviews were completed within 1 week of the conclusion of the semester-long participation in the IGRB. Each interview was digitally recorded, manually transcribed, and analyzed using an iterative approach to thematic analysis. Experiences and perceived benefits associated with participation in the IGRB for these older adults were encompassed by four themes: Staying Active, Wanting to Try Something New, Feeling Connected, and Seeking Positive Experiences. Findings indicate that an IGRB is an innovative, collaborative, and inclusive intergenerational music-making experience that leaves a multifaceted and overall positive impact on its older adult members. Themes suggest that older adults with musical backgrounds may enjoy an experience like an IGRB because it brings a level of familiarity coupled with the opportunity to try something new and different from their previous experiences with music. A key contribution of this study is the importance of promoting a judgment-free environment for singing that is inclusive of all ability levels. Developing a better understanding of older adults’ motivations for participating in an IGRB may help us to plan future music experiences for older adults and broaden our reach to the older adult community.","PeriodicalId":44813,"journal":{"name":"Music Therapy Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/mtp/miz021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42536399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}