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Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine最新文献

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Mediastinal abnormalities 纵隔异常
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0033
C. Robinson
{"title":"Mediastinal abnormalities","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0033","url":null,"abstract":"The mediastinum is the area within the centre of the chest containing the heart, great vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, trachea, oesophagus, and thymus. Two-thirds of mediastinal masses are benign. These abnormalities tend to occure between the ages of 20–40 years; presence of symptoms and anterior location of a mass are all associated with an increased likelihood of malignancy. Common symptoms of mediastinal disease include cough, chest pain, and dyspnoea, as well as symptoms relating to any structure being compressed or disrupted such as dysphagia, stridor, SVCO or Horner’s syndrome. Systemic effects (night sweats, weight loss in lymphoma) and paraneoplastic effects (e.g. myasthenia with thymoma) may be seen. Mediastinal disorders can also be asymptomatic.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123533452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0016
C. Robinson
{"title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not a single entity but represents the severe end of a spectrum of acute lung injury due to many different insults. Manifests as acute and persistent lung inflammation with increased vascular permeability. Most commonly seen on the ITU where about 10–20% of such patients will have ARDS depending on the definition.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116683585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 过敏性肺炎
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0030
C. Robinson
{"title":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Group of lung diseases typically caused by inhalation of organic antigen to which the individual has been previously sensitized. Disease following inhalation of inorganic antigens and drug ingestion is also reported. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; previously termed extrinsic allergic alveolitis) is often divided into ‘acute’ and ‘chronic’ forms, based on the time course of presentation. Acute HP often follows a short period of exposure to a high concentration of antigen and is usually reversible. Chronic HP typically follows a period of chronic exposure to a low antigen dose and is less reversible. These two presentations may overlap, and ‘subacute’ forms of the disease are recognized.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127424108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Financial entitlements 金融权利
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0052
S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson
{"title":"Financial entitlements","authors":"S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0052","url":null,"abstract":"Includes: Statutory sick pay (SSP), employment and support allowance (ESA), personal independence payment (PIP), direct payments, carer’s allowance, NHS continuing healthcare, income support ± disability premiums, working tax credit (with extra credit for disability), disabled students’ allowance (DSA), access to work grant, disabled facilities grant, other transport assistance, industrial injuries disablement benefit, reduced earning allowance.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121519346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pleural effusion 胸腔积液
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0008
C. Robinson
{"title":"Pleural effusion","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The most common causes of pleural effusion include cardiac failure, pneumonia, malignancy, and pulmonary embolism (PE). The priority is to make a diagnosis and relieve symptoms while keeping the number of invasive procedures to a minimum. The majority of patients do not require a chest drain and can be managed as outpatients. Procedures, such as therapeutic thoracentesis, may be performed readily on a day unit.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132763288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cor pulmonale Cor pulmonale
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0023
C. Robinson
{"title":"Cor pulmonale","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Cor pulmonale is the traditional term for changes in the cardiovascular system resulting from the chronic hypoxia (and usually hypercapnia) of chronic lung disease leading to pulmonary hypertension (PHT). PHT is precapillary due to raised pulmonary vascular resistance, is usually mild-moderate and does not tend to progress; a subgroup of patients may develop severe PHT, disproportionate to their lung disease. These changes present with peripheral oedema.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114769344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tracheostomy 气管造口术
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0074
S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson
{"title":"Tracheostomy","authors":"S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0074","url":null,"abstract":"This is usually performed as an adjunct to assisted ventilation. Such patients are now often returned to respiratory wards for ‘decannulation’ with the potential for complications to occur there.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125380216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethical considerations 道德的考虑
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0051
S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson
{"title":"Ethical considerations","authors":"S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0051","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory physicians are often involved in making difficult decisions about the appropriateness of treatment and the prolongation of life in patients with chronic underlying lung disease. Sometimes, artificial ventilation may prolong the dying process; life has a natural end, and the potential to prolong life in the ICU can cause dilemmas. In other cases, these interventions are valuable at prolonging life with a reversible complication.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123162283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Breathlessness 呼吸困难
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0001
C. Robinson
{"title":"Breathlessness","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical assessment and causes, specific situations. Dyspnoea refers to the abnormal and uncomfortable awareness of breathing. Its physiological mechanisms are poorly understood; possible afferent sources for the sensation include receptors in respiratory muscles, juxta-capillary (J) receptors (sense interstitial fluid), and chemoreceptors (sensing iCO2 and dO2).","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124827712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Palliative care 姑息治疗
Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0059
S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson
{"title":"Palliative care","authors":"S. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0059","url":null,"abstract":"Palliative care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an approach that improves the QoL of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification, impeccable assessment, and treatment of pain and other problems, including physical, psychosocial, and spiritual.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129668484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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