Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Competency-based Ophthalmology Training: Are We Truly Assessing Skills?","authors":"Jyoti Baba Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.92293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.92293","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological Diagnostic Methods and Spectrum of Fungal Keratitis in Eastern Nepal.","authors":"Manish Pandey, Pragya Luitel, Amit Rajbanshi, Amit Kumar Mehta, Rajiv Ranjan Karn, Mahesh Kumar Dev, Binod Rayamajhee","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.78913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.78913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The most useful and the quickest diagnostic method for assessing fungal components in corneal scrapings in low-resource settings is microscopic assessment.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and potassium hydroxide + calcofluor white (KOH+CFW) staining for detecting fungal keratitis (FK) using culture as the standard of reference, as well as to analyse their fungal culture results.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This was a retrospective study where consecutive patients with microbial keratitis (MK) attending Biratnagar Eye Hospital from 2023 January to 2023 December were recruited. Corneal scrapes were sent for microscopic examination and culture using the standard protocol. Smear microscopy was performed using KOH wet mount, Gram stain, and KOH+CFW stain to determine the presence of microbial components in corneal scrapings. The sensitivity of KOH and KOH+CFW in diagnosing FK was compared.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Among the 2,152 samples examined, 1,507 (70.02%) had pure fungal infections, 121 (5.62%) had pure bacterial infections, and 41 (1.9%) had mixed aetiology (bacteria + fungus). Smear microscopy revealed Acanthamoeba keratitis in eight (0.37%) samples. Direct microscopy of corneal scrapes revealed fungal elements in 1,420 (65.98%) and 1,523 (70.77%) from KOH and KOH+CFW preparations, respectively. Fungal culture was positive in 1,041 (48.37%) samples tested. The sensitivity of KOH+CFW (97.69%) was shown to be significantly higher than that of KOH alone (95.19%) (p = 0.0013) in diagnosing FK. Curvularia spp. was the most frequently isolated fungus, with 312/1,041 (29.97%) of positive fungal cultures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>KOH+CFW stain demonstrated to be more sensitive than KOH stain, as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for FK. Fluorescence microscopy with the KOH+CFW stain is recommended as a routine procedure in cases of MK in areas where FK is highly prevalent.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"5-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual Outcomes of Ranibizumab Versus Bevacizumab in Diabetic Retinopathy: An Analytical Study.","authors":"Ayushi Ramesh Devagekar, Shreya Santosh Mote, Rehanbaig Shamshirbaig Jamadar, Revanasiddappa Devarinti","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.82606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.82606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is usually treated with Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. Ranibizumab is an approved drug for ocular use, while bevacizumab has also been introduced as an off-label drug for retinal diseases.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the clinical efficacy and vision related quality of life of ranibizumab and bevacizumab in patients with diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>An analytical study was conducted from 2024 September to 2025 March in the Department of Ophthalmology, KLE's Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi. Following ethical clearance, 105 subjects (aged ≥35 years) diagnosed with DR were enrolled by universal sampling and divided into two groups A and B. Clinical efficacy was evaluated using Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Acuity scores and vision-related quality of life through the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire, at baseline and third follow-up.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Central macular thickness decreased in both the Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab groups at the end of the treatment period, but the mean reduction was substantially larger in the Ranibizumab group (282.0 ± 193 µm) than in the Bevacizumab group (343.0 ± 233 µm) (p = 0.040). In terms of visual acuity, the group that received ranibizumab exhibited a considerably higher improvement in logarithm of minimum angle of resolution scores (0.500 ± 0.4 to 0.22 ± 0.1), while the group that received bevacizumab showed a less noticeable improvement (p <0.05) from (0.60 ± 0.3 to 0.50 ± 0.3). Furthermore, the Ranibizumab group's vision-related quality of life, as measured by the composite score, was significantly higher (64.79 ± 18.01) than the Bevacizumab group's (56.53 ± 17.73), indicating both statistically and clinically significant improvements in the functional and psychosocial domains (p = 0.020).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both anti-VEGF agents were effective and safe in diabetic retinopathy; however, ranibizumab demonstrated superior efficacy, faster response, and shorter treatment duration, reinforcing its value for improving both clinical and patient-centred outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgically Induced Astigmatism after Superotemporal and Superonasal Clear Corneal Incisions in Phacoemulsification.","authors":"Pranisha Singh, Jay Sundar Sunrait, Anu Mishal","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.77172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.77172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cataract surgery has undergone various advances since it was evolved from ancient couching to the modern phacoemulsification. A clear corneal incision has the benefit of being bloodless and having an easy approach but surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) remains one of the most common complications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine and compare the SIA in clear corneal phacoemulsification by superotemporal (ST) approach in right eye and by superonasal (SN) approach in left eye.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This was a hospital-based, interventional, analytical study conducted in the department of Ophthalmology at Nepal Medical College, from 2024 January to 2025 March after institutional ethical approval. Patients enrolled by consecutive sampling technique were divided into two groups. In Group A, patients with immature cataract in the right eye underwent ST corneal incision. In Group B, patients with immature cataract in the left eye underwent SN clear corneal incision. Group A had 31 eyes and Group B had 34 eyes. Astigmatism was measured by keratometry readings pre and post-operatively at first and sixth week. The SIA was calculated by the vector analysis at first and sixth week post-operatively.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Mean SIA was lower in Group A (0.36 ± 0.32 D at the first week, reducing to 0.31 ± 0.29 D at sixth week) compared to Group B (0.37 ± 0.22 D at the first week and 0.35 ± 0.25 D at sixth week. The SIA of both groups decreased post-operatively at sixth week. No statistically significant difference was found in SIA at both first and sixth post-operative week between two groups (p = 0.83; p = 0.55).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incisions, either ST or SN in phacoemulsification showed no statistically significant difference in SIA.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severity of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma at First Presentation and Associated Factors in Tertiary Hospital.","authors":"Anil Parajuli, Indraman Maharajan","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.82846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.82846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Late presentation in glaucoma significantly increases the economic burden and risk of subsequent blindness.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the severity of glaucoma at diagnosis and identify the factors associated with severe disease at presentation in a tertiary eye hospital in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A hospital-based, analytical, cross-sectional study was performed at Himalaya Eye Hospital from 2023 January to 2023 December among 173 eyes of 173 newly diagnosed cases of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) after ethical clearance. Convenience sampling technique was used. The severity of glaucoma was assessed in terms of visual field (VF) loss using mean deviation (MD) and the Hoddap-Parrish-Anderson criteria. Patients were categorised into two groups based on severity: Group I (mild to moderate) and Group II (severe). A multivariatemodel-adjusted binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with severe glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Half of the patients (50.29%) in this study had severe glaucoma at diagnosis. Older age {adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.046; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.017-1.076; p = 0.002}, higher baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) (AOR = 1.183; 95% CI: 1.086-1.289; p <0.001), and thinner central corneal thickness (CCT) (AOR = 0.983; 95% CI: 0.971-0.995; p = 0.005) were significant predictors of severe glaucoma at presentation. Whereas, a personal history of systemic hypertension (AOR = 0.409; 95% CI: 0.177-0.947; p = 0.037) significantly decreased the odds of late presentation. Gender, travel time to the nearest eye-care centre, awareness about glaucoma, family history of glaucoma, and personal history of diabetes mellitus did not have significant association with the severity of glaucoma at presentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Approximately half of the patients with POAG presented with severe glaucoma at diagnosis. Older age, elevated IOP, and thin CCT were key predictors of severe glaucoma at diagnosis, while patients with systemic hypertension were associated with earlier detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"15-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Willingness, and Preferences of Glaucoma Patients on Telemedicine and Vision Centres in South India.","authors":"Shagufa Jamal, Alekhya Rajasekaran, Kavitha Srinivasan, Iswarya Mani, Rengaraj Venkatesh","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.83607","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.83607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, affects 80 million people globally, is projected to surpass 111 million by 2040. In India, limited availability of ophthalmologists, especially in rural areas, limits glaucoma care. Telemedicine bridges this gap by enabling remote consultations, reducing travel-related barriers and improving access to specialist services. A tertiary eye care centre in South India operates over 100 vision centres (VCs), providing primary eye care through telemedicine. However, evidence regarding glaucoma patients' acceptance remain limited, particularly in low and middle-income countries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate glaucoma patients' knowledge, perceptions, and preferences regarding telemedicine, particularly through VCs.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This analytical, cross-sectional study included patients aged 18 years or older with stable glaucoma (well-controlled intraocular pressure, no change in medications in past one year) who had attended three or more glaucoma clinic visits. After obtaining demographic and clinical details, a validated questionnaire was administered. The collected data were then analysed.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Among 246 participants, 82 (33.33%) were aware of telemedicine. Despite limited awareness, 203 (82.52%) participants expressed willingness to use telemedicine for follow-up appointments. 164 (66.67%) preferred video calls for virtual appointments. VC model was the most preferred telemedicine approach for 190 (77.24%) participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Glaucoma patients demonstrated moderate awareness but a positive attitude toward both telemedicine and VCs for follow-up care. Enhancing the capabilities of VCs is essential, as they are the preferred for follow-up visits and can optimise long-term glaucoma management.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"65-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corneal Drawings: An Important Tool in Documentation.","authors":"Devi Aiswarya Das, Sharmistha Behera, Sasmita Mishra, Anu Malik","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.73268","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.73268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schematic diagrams have been an important tool in ophthalmology for a long time. Corneal drawings help record and monitor corneal pathologies. These aid in comparing the clinical course of disease on follow-up visits and act as standardised means of communication between Ophthalmologists globally. They are essential for teaching postgraduates and are also useful in medicolegal cases. The corneal pathologies are documented in both frontal view and cross-sectional (slit) view. There is a universally accepted set of six colour codes for portraying them, namely, red, blue, black, brown, green and yellow. This method of documentation is economical, easy and gives an instant impression at a glance. This article primarily focuses on the origin, evolution, and standardised colourcoding and depiction of corneal pathologies, presented as schematic diagrams that can serve as a reference for all Ophthalmologists in their routine clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"123-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Ocular Surface Tumours and Lesions by High-definition Anterior-segment Optical Coherence Tomography.","authors":"Purnima Rajkarnikar Sthapit, Leena Bajracharya, Harshika Rauniyar, Eric Hansen, Sushant Adiga, Bimal Subedi, Reeta Gurung, Ashiyana Nariani","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.85118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.85118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High resolution AS-OCT (Anterior segment- Optical coherence tomography) is an imaging modality predominantly used in tertiary ophthalmologic centres to diagnose and characterise various ocular surface tumours as well as an adjunct to monitor treatment response.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of AS-OCT for ocular surface tumours.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This was a prospective cohort study of patients done at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal over one year from 2023 August to 2024 July. A consecutive sampling was done in the patients aged 18 years and older who were suspected of having ocular surface tumours and lesions during the study period. Demographic data, slit lamp biomicroscopic examination including size, site and morphology of tumour and AS-OCT using High Definition Zeiss Cirrus 6000 were carried out for all patients enrolled. Diagnosis was based on clinical evaluation and AS-OCT features. Those patients suspected of malignancy surgical excision and their histopathology was analysed.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Among the 110 enrolled patients, the median age was 50 (range: 18-87) years. Of them, 63 (57%) were female and 47 (43%) were male. A total of 5 (4.5%) participants had bilateral involvement. Based on clinical picture and AS-OCT features, 84 eyes (73.04%) were diagnosed to have ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), 18 eyes (15.65%) with conjunctival nevus and two eyes (1.73%) were suspected to have melanoma. Histopathology of 80 eyes who underwent surgical excision, OSSN of various grades in 86% eyes was the most common diagnosis followed by conjunctival melanoma in 3%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Though HPE is a gold standard for diagnosing ocular surface tumours, AS-OCT can provide a noninvasive optical biopsy. Additional research in AS-OCT is needed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of accurately diagnosing ocular surface lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Adult-onset Eyelid Xanthogranuloma: Debulking Surgery Coupled with Intralesional Corticosteroids.","authors":"Najmatuzzahra Kamaluddin, Andi Pratiwi","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.85672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.85672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adult-onset xanthogranuloma (AOX) is a rare, benign inflammatory disorder within the spectrum of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, often manifesting as localised skin lesions in middle-aged adults and frequently misdiagnosed due to its nonspecific presentation.</p><p><strong>Case: </strong>A 43-year-old woman developed a painless, progressively enlarging mass on her right upper eyelid over four months, with histopathology confirming AOX.</p><p><strong>Observation: </strong>Following surgical debulking and adjunctive intralesional corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide) injection, the patient exhibited significant clinical improvement and no recurrence at three months. This outcome supports emerging evidence that a combination of surgery and corticosteroid therapy effectively reduces lesion size and recurrence rates in localised AOX.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The multimodal approach combining surgical excision and intralesional corticosteroid injections provides a conservative and effective management strategy for AOX, with favourable outcomes and minimal complications. Further research is warranted to standardise treatment protocols for this rare orbital disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"105-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Current Profile of Secondary Glaucoma from A Tertiary Eye Care Centre In Southern India.","authors":"Anuradha Appaji, Vidyadevi Mahadevappa, Mulasthanam Sai Dheera, Nandini H, Drishya Sudev, Hima Bhatt, Nishat Sultana Khayoom","doi":"10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.79967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v18i35.79967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Secondary glaucoma is a significant cause of visual morbidity and present a major challenge to ophthalmologists. Given their varied aetiological profile across regions, understanding the current spectrum is essential for early detection, timely diagnosis, and prompt management to prevent irreversible vision loss.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the clinical profile and aetiological pattern of secondary glaucoma in a tertiary eye care centre in Southern India.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary eye care centre in Southern India from 2023 December to 2024 May. Consecutive sampling technique was utilised and ethical approval was taken. Patients diagnosed with secondary glaucoma, based on defined inclusion criteria, were enrolled after obtaining ethical approval. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity assessment, slit-lamp examination, tonometry, gonioscopy, and fundus examination. Data were analysed using the SPSS version 21.0 Result: Among 8034 glaucoma patients, 524 (6.5%) had secondary glaucoma. The mean age was 50 ± 18 years, with a male predominance (336, 64.1%). The most common causes were pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (121, 23.1%), neovascular glaucoma (105, 20.0%), and steroid-induced glaucoma (102, 19.5%). Nearly half of the patients (258, 49.2%) presented with visual acuity <3/60, and 65 (12.4%) had no light perception. Advanced optic nerve damage was noted in a significant proportion(50,9.54%) Conclusion: Secondary glaucomas constitute a diverse and significant clinical entity with considerable visual morbidity. Late presentation and advanced optic nerve damage highlight the need for improved screening, early diagnosis, and timely intervention. Region-specific data such as this can guide better clinical decision-making and resource allocation in managing secondary glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":44759,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"18 35","pages":"77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}