Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research最新文献

{"title":"Global Health Research: Role of Specialty Care","authors":"Y. Ravindranath","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch22","url":null,"abstract":"Hematology/oncology is a discipline that includes the study and treatment of diseases of the blood and tumors (benign and malignant) affecting the blood and body tissues. Because the diagnosis of blood diseases and cancer requires microscopic examination, traditionally, the specialty evolved as a part of the pathology discipline. As knowledge progressed, it became evident that many blood diseases and cancer have biochemical/ molecular underpinnings, and hematology/oncology came to be recognized as a laboratory medicine specialty. Herein lies the complexity of learning the biology of diseases included, as well in developing the strategies for management of each of the disorders encountered.\u0000 In this chapter, a personal account augments the description of the status of chronic diseases represented in hematology/oncology in high-, medium-, and low-income countries. This approach allows for exploration of the essential elements of learning the diseases included. Also described are lessons learned of the strategies used in developing the resources needed to set up a high-level hematology/oncology program anywhere in the world. Many of the principles discussed apply to other specialty disease groups, notably immunology/rheumatoid diseases; inborn errors of metabolism, growth, and development; and congenital/ inherited disorders affecting virtually every organ in the body.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"47 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114023594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury Prevention Research and Global Child Health","authors":"Nichole L Hodges, Gary A. Smith","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch19","url":null,"abstract":"Injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among children throughout the world. It is estimated that 735,500 children and teens younger than 20 years die from unintentional injuries annually. Although injuries are one of the most common causes of pediatric mortality globally, they do not affect all regions of the world equally. Low- and middle-income countries not only experience pediatric injuries at a much higher rate than high-income countries, but they also have greater total injury-related mortality and morbidity. An estimated 97% of all pediatric unintentional injury-related deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries.\u0000 This chapter will describe the global public health burden and leading causes of unintentional injuries to children. We will also discuss the application of the public health approach and the principles of injury prevention to child injury. Best practices and case studies will be presented to highlight innovative research studies and evidence-based injury prevention strategies that have been implemented in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. The chapter closes with an overview of current research gaps and suggestions for advancing the field.\u0000 This chapter will not discuss intentional injury specifically, which, in the editors’ assessment, deserves a detailed and comprehensive thesis— not achievable in a single chapter.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"48 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125881903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The GHESKIO Centers for Research in Haiti: An Education and Research Model in Action","authors":"V. Rouzier, Virginia Young, J. Pape","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch18","url":null,"abstract":"GHESKIO (Groupe Haitien d’Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes/The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections) Centers, founded in 1982, is one of the oldest institutions dedicated to the fight against HIV/AIDS. GHESKIO has 3 main objectives: patient care, training of medical personnel and community leaders, and operational research. GHESKIO efforts are focused on 4 of the most important diseases in Haiti: diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and tuberculosis (TB). The emphasis is on the family because the diseases that the GHESKIO Centers are concerned with are likely to be spread in the family setting. From its inception, GHESKIO Centers have been affiliated with Cornell University Weill Cornell Medical College and the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population (MOPHP). GHESKIO is an official nongovernmental organization recognized by the Haitian government and working in close collaboration with the Haitian MOPHP, which has provided GHESKIO with facilities at the university hospital and at the National Institute Research Laboratory. GHESKIO is the country’s referral center and the Caribbean-leading institution for treatment and research in HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB, and diarrheal diseases.\u0000 In the 36 years since its inception, the GHESKIO Centers have continued to evolve and grow despite the challenging sociopolitical and economic conditions of the country. Haiti is the poorest nation in the western hemisphere, with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty.1–3 Haiti has the most significant HIV and TB epidemics outside of Africa. In addition, in the past 6 years, Haiti has weathered 3 of the most devastating natural catastrophes in recent times, including a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in 2010, the largest and deadliest cholera epidemic that same year, and a devastating category-5 hurricane, Matthew, in 2016.\u0000 The GHESKIO model offers integrated preventive and curative services for HIV, TB, STIs, and diarrheal diseases in 2 campuses located in the north and south of Port-au-Prince. This approach has been expanded to include other notable diseases and services. All services are offered at each site to facilitate access to comprehensive care in a “one-stop shop” approach because the poor often cannot afford to travel to different health facilities for all their families’ needs. In addition to health services for HIV/AIDS, including the provision of antiretroviral therapy, treatment for STIs, TB treatment, psychological care, and reproductive health, support is provided with microcredit opportunities, primary and vocational school scholarships, and community outreach interventions that complete the global health model of GHESKIO. The story of GHESKIO is a model of success despite adversity, addressing significant public health problems and making a difference locally and internationally.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130207764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appendix B","authors":"","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-appendix_b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-appendix_b","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121327724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Research in Global Child Health","authors":"D. Dewey, E. Konje, E. Nyanza, F. Bernier, M. Manyama","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch17","url":null,"abstract":"Global child health research plays a pivotal role in addressing inequities in children’s health and development worldwide. To achieve this goal, research must be based on sound scientific and ethical principles. This chapter focuses on ethics in child health research in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. It reflects on the key principles underlying ethical research in general and in global health research and child health research in particular. This is followed by a detailed discussion of 3 core principles underlying child health research: respect, benefit, and justice. Research with children poses important and universal ethical issues across world contexts, including establishing consent, protection from harm, privacy, and payment and gifts. Cultural, social, political, and economic factors that can interact to pose particular challenges with regard to these issues in different contexts, especially in low- and middle-income settings, are explored. As methodology and ethics are integrally linked, this chapter also examines the ways in which children have been included in health research studies: research on children, research with children, and research by children. This is followed by a brief discussion of ethical mechanisms that are in place to ensure that ethical standards are met and maintained in research on global child health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the many positive changes in ethical research involving children in recent years. Emerging ethical challenges in the fields of genetics and genomics are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125764550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Health Research Competencies","authors":"R. Etzel","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part02-ch08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part02-ch08","url":null,"abstract":"Healthy children are the foundation of sustainable development. Major research advances have resulted in significant advances in infant and child health, but health inequities among children in high-income, upper-middle–income, and low- and middle-income countries persist. For children in all countries of the world, research remains vitally important. Despite the importance of research, communities may be wary of participating in research for at least 5 reasons: they may remember a history of unethical and dangerous research activities; they may have different values than the researchers; they may have different ways of knowing than the researchers; they may have different views about the significance and appropriate uses of samples of their blood or other tissue specimens; and they may fear stigmatization from participation in research studies. The Academic Pediatric Association Global Health Task Force developed a consensus statement on faculty competencies, including those needed for research in global settings. Researchers from all involved countries should agree on the research goals of the involved institutions that align with their respective priorities. They should translate the research into action benefiting the host country. Prioritization should be place on those health research activities that address priority health concerns of the community, region, or nation they have the mandate to serve. Best practices for faculty and students are to follow the principles of community-based participatory research (see chapters 1–5). Concerted efforts of international organizations, ministries of health of governments, multinational donors, academic centers, nongovernmental organizations, and communities will be required to reach the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The role of community-based participatory research will be integral to success.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127724573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-cultural Training of Residents and Medical Students in Global Child Health","authors":"F. Mendoza, Ronald D. Garcia, D. Barr","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part03-ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part03-ch12","url":null,"abstract":"The global migration of children and families from one country to another has increased diversity of pediatric populations worldwide, requiring pediatric health care professionals to develop skills in cross- cultural communication. This necessitates the development of communication skills adapted for cultural and linguistic differences and an understanding of the unique social determinants that may affect newcomers to a host country, including the process of acculturation. Effective cross-cultural communication requires understanding one’s implicit biases that might affect the patient interaction and having appropriate interpreter services. Overall, cross-cultural communication is centered on obtaining the patient’s and family’s perspective of the patient’s malady to develop a therapeutic relationship that builds trust between the health care professional and the patient/family. Cultural competency curriculums developed to achieve this goal include the following 5 domains:Students’ understanding of the definition and rationale of cultural competencyInfluence of cultural/environmental factorsUnderstanding the effect of stereotyping on medical decision-makingHealth disparities and factors influencing healthCross-cultural clinical skills\u0000 Effective cross-cultural communication requires humility on the part of the health care professional as well. Although the term cultural competency implies an achievable competency, the true goal is to achieve efficacious cross-cultural communication skills, which become refined over time with interaction with patients from a variety of cultures, languages, and social-environmental backgrounds. With the growing diversity of children in the United States and in many other countries globally, the development and continued refinement of these skills is necessary to maintain clinical excellence in pediatric care around the world.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131791015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Health Education Faculty Competencies","authors":"M. Kurbasic","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part02-ch07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part02-ch07","url":null,"abstract":"In high-income countries, global health has emerged as a core component of medical education across most medical disciplines. Approximately two-thirds of US pediatric residency programs offer the opportunity to complete short-term global health electives in low- and middle-income countries,1 and about one-fifth of residents pursue such an elective.\u0000 Internal medicine, emergency medicine, and pediatrics now all offer formal fellowship opportunities in international (ie, global) health. Global health opportunities among Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited pediatric subspecialty fellowship programs are limited but increasing, as noted by its online report.2 Global health has become a branch of science supporting institutionalized education. A rapidly expanding experience indicates that effective global health education should train students to understand global health statuses, to investigate global and local health issues with a global perspective, and to devise interventions to deal with these issues.3","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"2193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130115264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Global Health as the Basis for Education and Research","authors":"F. Laraque, O. Uwemedimo","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch04","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the importance of using standard data for decision-making at local and national levels on reportable diseases and conditions of public health significance. In addition, the chapter will provide an overview of the use of data to monitor interventions and detect outbreaks and emerging conditions. Lastly, this chapter will cover the importance of data, data sources, key indicators of childhood health, the role of millennium and sustainable goals, and training needs.\u0000 In all health care settings, whether population based or institution specific, the importance of effective use of data for planning and monitoring cannot be overstated. Implementing interventions and programs, even those that are evidence based, without the benefit of a local needs assessment and continuous data monitoring may not succeed due to erroneous targeting and inability to monitor progress. To ensure that public health and clinical programs are targeted to the setting and population in which they will be implemented, standard data collection and analysis is critical. The use of standard indicators allows for comparison across countries or regions.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134292710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child Development: The Next Global Health Frontier","authors":"Mei Elansary, E. Peacock-Chambers, B. Zuckerman","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part03-ch14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part03-ch14","url":null,"abstract":"Recent improvements in child health have led to substantial decreases in child mortality globally.1 While progress is still needed, especially in regions afflicted by conflict and political instability,2 the next step is to promote young children’s development and early learning so they can remain healthy, take advantage of growing educational opportunities, and contribute to their communities’ economic growth. Every year, approximately 249 million children, mainly from low- and middle- income countries, fail to reach their developmental potential in the context of poverty and related health, nutrition, and social factors.3 Recessions and climate change additionally contribute to loss of developmental potential globally.4–7\u0000 While principles of early childhood development are universal, a global perspective must consider exposure to extreme poverty and high prevalence of infectious diseases, cultural context, and availability and type of resources. This chapter will describe biological and social factors that influence brain development and early learning and resilience, their cultural context, and examples of successful child development interventions globally. We also provide recommendations to rapidly accelerate the promotion of early childhood development globally with key strategies, including an emphasis on universal prevention programs rather than universal screening, multigenerational models that emphasize universal support for parents and targeted support for high-risk populations, integration of child development programs into child health and nutrition efforts, and use of technology.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125956130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}