Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research最新文献

{"title":"Global Child Health Populations: A Community Pediatrics Framework and Relevance to Education and Research","authors":"Danielle Laraque-Arena, J. Wilentz, O. Robinson","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch01","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews global health education and research within a community-oriented framework emphasizing social accountability of these 2 academic spheres. The rationale for this approach is the understanding that in low-, lower-middle–, upper-middle–, and high-income/ resource countries throughout the world, research should be guided by translational steps that ultimately lead to improvement in the care of individuals and contribute to the health of populations locally and globally. Additionally, professional education, profoundly affected by the available environment for clinical training, must display alignment with a valid and socially responsible clinical venue; for example, one based on ethical practice, responsiveness to health needs,1 and broad epidemiological principles of community pediatrics.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127555783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Development Matrix for Global Child Health","authors":"Danielle Laraque-Arena, S. Shahid","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch05","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion of global child health should include consideration of the economic and political realities of different countries. These realities will certainly reflect on the health profession educational systems and research capabilities of each country. The categorization of countries is usually based on income: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high income/resource. However, in this chapter, we propose that income is not the only determinant of how each category of countries proceeds or should proceed to address health imperatives.\u0000 Through technologies not available even a decade ago, all countries, regardless of income level, have greatly increased internal and external connectivity. One example is the availability of cell phones in the most impoverished countries. These technologies have not only quickened the pace of development but also allowed for a rethinking of the progress possible and the just-in-time response to health emergencies, scientific advancements, and the sharing of best practices across borders. This information revolution can, we propose, lead to recognition of the mistakes of high-income, industrialized nations and, thus, avoidance of repeating those mistakes. Disaggregation of health data reflects health disparities within each of the country income categories, signifying a need for a more complex analysis of educational and research approaches to resolving health concerns. For low-income countries it may be possible to tackle basic survival problems resulting from extreme poverty, while concurrently applying 21st-century solutions to improve health outcomes more quickly.\u0000 Thus, we propose a new matrix for the development of child health that embraces new-century transformation of educational and research efforts (Figure 5-1). Illustrative case examples will demonstrate the application of this matrix in educational efforts in each country income/resource category. At the root of this analysis is the recognition that economic inclusion and social justice must drive changes to improve the health of individuals and populations in all countries.","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129184956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Hazards and Global Child Health: The Need for Evidence-Based Advocacy","authors":"P. Landrigan","doi":"10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part04-ch15","url":null,"abstract":"Children in today’s ever-smaller, more densely populated, tightly interconnected world are surrounded by a complex array of environmental threats to health.1 Because of their unique patterns of exposure and exquisite biological sensitivities, especially during windows of vulnerability in prenatal and early postnatal development, children are extremely vulnerable to environmental hazards.2,3 Even brief, low-level exposures during critical early periods can cause permanent alterations in organ function and result in acute and chronic disease and dysfunction in childhood and across the life span.4\u0000 The World Health Organization estimates that 24% of all deaths and 36% of deaths in children are attributable to environmental exposures,5 more deaths than are caused by HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined.6–8 In the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization estimates that nearly 100,000 children younger than 5 years die annually from physical, chemical, and biological hazards in the environment.9\u0000 Children in all countries are exposed to environmental health threats, but the nature and severity of these hazards vary greatly across countries, depending on national income, income distribution, level of development, and national governance.10 More than 90% of the deaths caused by environmental exposures occur in the world’s poorest countries6–8—environmental injustice on a global scale.11\u0000 In low-income countries, the predominant environmental threats are household air pollution from burning biomass and contaminated drinking water. These hazards are strongly linked to pneumonia, diarrhea, and a wide range of parasitic infestations in children.9,10\u0000 In high-income countries that have switched to cleaner fuels and developed safe drinking water supplies, the major environmental threats are ambient air pollution from motor vehicles and factories, toxic chemicals, and pesticides.10,12,13 These exposures are linked to noncommunicable diseases—asthma, birth defects, cancer, and neurodevelopmental disorders.9,10\u0000 Toxic chemicals are increasingly important environmental health threats, especially in previously low-income countries now experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialization.10 A major driver is the relocation of chemical manufacturing, recycling, shipbreaking, and other heavy industries to so-called “pollution havens” in low-income countries that largely lack environmental controls and public health infrastructure. Environmental degradation and disease result. The 1984 Bhopal, India, disaster was an early example.14 Other examples include the export to low-income countries of 2 million tons per year of newly mined asbestos15; lead exposure from backyard battery recycling16; mercury contamination from artisanal gold mining17; the global trade in banned pesticides18; and shipment to the world’s lowest-income countries of vast quantities of hazardous and electronic waste (e-waste).19\u0000 Climate change is yet another global environmental thr","PeriodicalId":446186,"journal":{"name":"Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research","volume":"32 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113973765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}