Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018最新文献

{"title":"Development of the First Readily Biodegradable OECD306 Phosphonated Amino Acid Chemistry for the Control of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulphate in HTHP and UHT Unconventional Productions","authors":"Raul Antonio Di Toto, F. Bruyneel, D. Parravicini, A. Kan, M. Tomson, Fei Yan","doi":"10.2118/190733-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190733-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper describes the development of the first readily biodegradable - in seawater - phosphonated amino acid chemistry (PHAAC), which is able to control calcite and calcium sulphate scale under unconventional HTHP1 conditions (simulated Shearwater field conditions and T/P up to 250°C/1,000bar). This novel chemistry is aimed to support unconventional and ultra HTHP productions in a cost-wise sustainable manner.\u0000 The chemistry development is described from the selection of the suitable chemical functionalities through the evaluation of the \"must have\" properties – brine compatibility, thermal resistance, eco-toxicity profile – to the assessment of performance for calcite, calcium and barium sulphate by dynamic and static scale inhibition tests under uniquely severe conditions (T= 55°C-250°C, salinity = max. 250,000ppm, Calcium = max. 18,960ppm). Successful squeeze simulation was tested at high temperature with a high Ca connate water. Software simulations - Pitzer electrolyte theory - were used to preliminary screen out and define conditions.\u0000 The novel chemistry, when compared to industry benchmark inhibitors from low (55°C) to ultra high temperature (250°C), showed an extremely positive overall performance gap. The product thermal resistance evaluation and its impact on chemical stability, properties and performance, is presented showing that stability of the chemical structure - only 1.3% degradation after 7 days at 160°C - eliminates the performance drop when conditions get severe. Minimum inhibitor concentration of the novelty chemistry is up to 10 folds less than conventional chemistries in dynamic scale rig tests and squeeze life is excellent, allowing remarkable cost saving in treating scale in extreme conditions. Detrimental effect of Fe++ on performance and chemical compatibilities are also assessed. Negligible toxicity against marine species and readily biodegradability in seawater makes the chemistry suitable for offshore operations in OSPAR countries. Presented results coupled to ease of detection proof that the new experimental environmentally friendly scale inhibitor can be successfully deployed in HTHP applications for the control of calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate under extremely severe regimes.\u0000 The novel chemistry is the first readily biodegradable (OECD306) phosphonate for scale inhibitor applications in HTHP unconventional conditions. It sets new levels of performance in the control of frequently encountered scale types in O&G. The documented inhibitor properties and performance, confirm that it can be a game changer for flow assurance strategies in unconventional productions.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122168326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scale Risk Assessment and Novel Coating for Smart Completion: Scale Simulation and CFD Modelling Approach","authors":"H. Guan, Reda Bouamra, T. Lindvig, J. Vernus","doi":"10.2118/190730-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190730-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is an increasing demand in using intelligent well completions such as ICV (Inflow Control Valve) due to increased reservoir and production complexity in subsea fields. Failure of a functional ICV due to scale deposition can cause severe production impairment, R&D efforts therefore implemented to qualify a novel coating material which will be used in ICV to prevent scale formation and adhesion. Depending on the geometry of ICV, scaling deposition risks varies; in general increased carbonate scaling are observed due to greater pressure drop gradient.\u0000 This paper firstly evaluates the scaling risks over the field lifetime for a pre-salt carbonate reservoir, much increased scaling potential is identified across the region of the ICV which necessities the use of a novel coating. Special laboratory apparatus that simulate the hydrodynamic conditions is designed and tested based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) results. Intensive modelling using variety of scale software as well as CFD approach are carried out to assess scale risks over the field lifetime, identify the fluid dynamic behavior around the ICV and to investigate the scale formation and adhesion mechanisms and differences onto non-coated vs. coated surfaces. Comparative CFD modelling and laboratory testing results on coated and non-coated surfaces illustrates the much reduced scale accumulation and depositions onto coated materials. CFD modelling of the non-coated vs. coated coupon reactor indicates that the coated surface introduce higher velocity and less turbulence kinetic energy therefore reduce or eliminate surface accumulation and adhesion of scale particles. Lower velocity is observed upstream the ICV choke and around the inflow point, these areas are more prone for scale formation which leads to solid accumulation in the near wellbore region.\u0000 This paper highlights the advantages of using advanced modelling techniques (including CFD and integrated PipeSim-ScaleChem models) to assist the selection of realistic testing conditions, to guide the high value test equipment design and to reveal the scaling mechanisms. The implementation of this novel technology helps to mitigate scaling problem and enhance the service longevity of smart completion tool, in particularly for severe scaling fields.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134032298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Novel Iron Sulfide Scale Control Chemicals","authors":"Wei Li, G. Ruan, N. Bhandari, Xin Wang, Ya Liu, H. Dushane, M. Sriyarathne, K. Harouaka, Yi-Tsung Lu, Guannan Deng, Yue Zhao, A. Kan, M. Tomson","doi":"10.2118/190755-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190755-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Increasing production activities in sour environments with equipment and piping made of low corrosion- resistant carbon steel result in significant iron sulfides (FeS) corrosion and scaling problems. FeS scale control is challenging as FeS formation is favored in production water chemistry (extremely low solubility and fast precipitation kinetics) with complex phase transformations. Efficient chemical control of FeS scales has not been found. A polymeric compound containing amide or its derivative functionalities showed a promising effect by controlling the FeS particle size on a nano-meter scale at threshold quantities. The FeS scales were successfully managed by forming a stable FeS particle suspension in the aqueous phase without partitioning into the oil-water interface. Current development focuses on understanding the interactions between the polymeric-compound based dispersants and environmental factors such as the presence of an oil phase, as well as silica. In addition, performance improvement of the identified dispersants by new chemical additives has been explored. Our results show that biocides such as Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPS) may not be as effective as needed for FeS scale inhibition benefit. At the tested conditions, EDTA shows satisfactory FeS scale inhibition and dissolution performance. In addition, silica significantly affects wettability of FeS particles with part of the previously oil-wet FeS partitioning into the aqueous phase. The FeS inhibition and dissolution effects of EDTA are kinetically \"poisoned\" by silica; while FeS-dispersing effect of polymeric compounds remains unaffected. However, the previously-shown ability that polymer dispersants keep already-formed large size FeS particles in the aqueous phase is also impaired.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"697 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132779065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Test Method for Scale Inhibitor Qualification Verified by Field Testing","authors":"A. Halvorsen, K. Reiersolmoen, K. S. Andersen, A. Brurås, A. Sylte, Ø. Birketveit, R. Evjenth, M. H. D. Plessis","doi":"10.2118/190741-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190741-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A new laboratory test method for qualification of scale inhibitors for carbonate, sulphate and sulphide scale has been demonstrated. The new method reflected conditions at the first stage separator at Gullfaks A in a more realistic way than by use of the more common dynamic tube blocking test. Results of this method have been compared with dynamic tube blocking and static scale inhibition tests and a full-scale field test.\u0000 The method developed includes iron particles, realistic H2S and CO2 pressures under anaerobic conditions allowing water chemistry similar to field conditions. The method can be utilised for water with carbonate or sulphate scale potential or a mix. A pH closer to system conditions and scaling on surfaces can be achieved without adjustment of the water composition. The residence time can be up to 5 minutes, which typically represent the residence time in for example separators. The results are interpreted through visual observations through glass coils and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analyses of steel coils.\u0000 Using the new method, significant scale was formed when the incumbent scale inhibitor was tested which was also observed in the field. Several alternative scale inhibitor chemistries were recommended for evaluation based on environmental properties, field experience and cost efficiency. When testing the chemistries with the new method only one inhibitor gave acceptable results (no scaling nor co-precipitation of scale and scale inhibitor). This inhibitor was recommended for further testing in a two-week field test. The field test included quantification of suspended solids and a filter rig test. The results from the field test confirmed the laboratory results showing that the selected inhibitor was more efficient than the incumbent.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"235 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121158848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Generation Squeezable Sulfide Inhibitor Successfully Averts Challenging Sulfide Scale Deposition in Permian Basin","authors":"C. Okocha, A. Kaiser, Shane Underwood, W. Samaniego, J. Wylde","doi":"10.2118/190709-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190709-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sulfide scales (zinc, lead and iron sulfide) are currently causing considerable production challenges as mature fields are kept operational, and as deeper-hotter reservoirs are been developed. An effective way to combat conventional scaling is to inject \"squeeze\" scale inhibitors into the formation which are then slowly released as production resumes, providing scale protection. This option has not been the case for sulfide scales due to formation kinetics and lack of suitable products.\u0000 In this study we present two field cases where new generation squeezable sulfide inhibitors were deployed with clear success in inhibiting sulfide deposition and establishing stable production. Also presented are the development methods and chemical synthesis details for the development of a squeezable product. A novel fast screening technique is detailed as well as a new type of residual monitoring method for the polymeric species that inhibit the sulfide scales.\u0000 In the Permian Basin, newly completed long horizontal wells in the Sprayberry Formation were on a constant rotation of work overs (every 3 to 5 days) due to severe zinc and iron sulfide deposition. Early squeezes performed with known phosphonate/ester scale inhibitors, and end-capped polymer were unsuccessful. A new generation of squeezable sulfide inhibitor was deployed and stabilized production as well as the scaling ion data. A unique and fast residual analysis methodology (using a specialized HPLC column) was developed as part of the squeezable sulfide inhibitor development project capable of providing a unique selectivity in a high TDS brine without interferences increasing residual monitoring and squeeze confidence.\u0000 In the Williston basin many fields are known for their troubled history with iron sulfide. To date, the preferred option has been continuous well cleanout that impacts production, next generation squeezable sulfide inhibitor was deployed and it successfully increased productivity and eliminated well clean outs for the trialed wells. This technology summarized in the paper offers a substantial step change in the ability to protect against sulfide scale via squeeze application.\u0000 These field treatments show that next generation squeezable inhibitors were successful in inhibiting sulfide scales with no observed formation damage, upset to process facilities during flow back, or decline in productivity.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"33 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130159960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correcting for Mud Filtrate Contamination of Formation Water Samples for Scale Management Planning: A Case Study from the Nova Field, Norwegian North Sea","authors":"R. McCartney, S. Hatscher, V. Droppert","doi":"10.2118/190746-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190746-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To develop scale management strategies and plans during field development planning, it is important to know the composition of formation water in the reservoir. Typically, formation water samples will be collected from appraisal wells and analysed for this purpose. However, when the wells are drilled with water-based mud, the samples are often contaminated with mud filtrate that has invaded the formation during drilling. By adding a tracer to the drilling mud and using a simple mass balance correction technique, it is possible to correct for the effects of contamination and obtain an estimate of the formation water composition. But, where reactions occur during invasion or within the sample after collection, this method of correction will generate an erroneous estimate of the composition. The errors will increase with the extent of reaction and degree of contamination.\u0000 In this paper, we describe a new ‘correction’ approach which additionally makes use of (a) 1-D reactive transport modelling of mud filtrate invasion and (b) modelling of reactions occurring in formation water samples after collection. This approach accounts for the potential effects of these reactions and provides an estimate of the formation water composition within uncertainty limits. It reduces the risk of obtaining erroneous estimates of formation water composition and is particularly beneficial where reactions occur and where the mud contamination fractions are elevated (e.g. ~10-40%). At higher fractions, the uncertainties can be so high that the estimated compositions are not useful, emphasising the risks of trying to estimate formation water compositions from heavily contaminated samples.\u0000 This approach has been applied to formation water samples obtained from the Nova Field (formerly Skarfjell, Norwegian North Sea). It has meant that the resulting composition and associated uncertainties have been used with more confidence in scale management planning; to select seawater as the injection water, and to identify the scale risks across the relevant nodes in the production process over the life of field of the asset. Based on these risks, appropriate scale mitigation and monitoring measures have been selected.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129849035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rigorous Carbonate and Sulphide Scale Predictions: What Really Matters?","authors":"Giulia Ness, K. Sorbie","doi":"10.2118/190726-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190726-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Predicting the formation of pH- dependent scales such as carbonates and sulphides requires a full calculation of all hydrocarbon and aqueous phases present to determine the distribution and speciation of CO2 and H2S in the system. Several commercially available software packages combine PVT calculations with scale predictions, but such packages are more targeted to aqueous systems and have limited hydrocarbon capabilities. Likewise, PVT modelling software focusing on the hydrocarbon phase does not always fully model the aqueous phase or can only predict a limited number of scales/complexes. Moreover, within each software we can select a large number of different Equations of State (EOS), activity models, equilibrium parameters etc., which may ultimately impact the final carbonate and sulphide scale prediction profile. The questions we try to answer in this work are: How important is the software selection and which parameters really affect the final scale prediction profiles? In what scenarios do these values matter and when are they not important?\u0000 In previous publications we laid out a clear rigorous procedure (workflow) for the prediction of carbonate and sulphide scales which can be applied using any commercial PVT and scale prediction software. Here we apply this general workflow using different software and EOS models to evaluate their impact on the final carbonate and sulphide scale prediction profiles for some specific carbonate/sulphide field scaling scenarios. The results show that despite the large number of modelling options available, there are two parameters that play a key role in pH-dependant scale predictions: partition coefficients of CO2 and H2S between gas, oil and water and the relative mole (and volume) distribution between each phase at selected temperature and pressure. The final scale prediction results can be accurate only when these values are accurate, irrespective of how they are obtained. This work shows the impact of choosing different software and equations on carbonate and sulphide scale predictions, not just as a \"black box\" software comparison exercise but with a clear connection between the aqueous and hydrocarbon phase thermodynamics, the scaling system and the final results.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132098461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphonate Speciation - Challenges and Solutions","authors":"S. J. Ewing, N. Hunter, Kirsty MacKinnon, Kelly Whittingham, G. Graham, S. Heath","doi":"10.2118/190698-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190698-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Reliable and accurate analysis of inhibitors is vital for decisions on efficiency and cost-effectiveness of scale inhibitor squeeze treatments. Recent developments have resolved issues for residual sulphonated polymer chemistries which were previously difficult to isolate. Attention now is directed to challenges associated with phosphonate based inhibitors, particularly when assay is required from a multi-component produced water sample containing other P based inhibitor species which currently poses a significant challenge.\u0000 This paper describes the advantages and limitations of techniques used for phosphorus assay including inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, ion chromatography and wet chemical methods (e.g. Phospho-molybdenum blue, PMB) approaches. Field examples are discussed to emphasize the analytical challenge with cases whereby speciation is readily achieved and others where this is not the case.\u0000 To overcome the limitations of these methods, novel approaches for analysis of P – containing inhibitors (in the presence of other –containing additives) include time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRF) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection (which also require development) are considered with potential benefits and limitations / interferences highlighted. These are discussed with highlights of TRF development presented. This technique shows significant scope and potential with promising results showing speciation and discrimination of both polymeric and phosphonate based scale inhibitors as well as a phosphate ester based corrosion inhibitor.\u0000 This paper highlights the concept that for residual scale inhibitor assay, one analytical approach does not fit all environments and applications. However the availability of a range of techniques, some of which are still in development, allows for effective monitoring in complex, multi-component environments. The paper highlights development opportunities for some of the newer approaches such as TRF and MS as well as discussing their limitations in complex produced fluids.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128433424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Scale Prediction, Approach, and Limitations","authors":"A. Kan, J. Dai, Guannan Deng, G. Ruan, Wei Li, K. Harouaka, Yi-Tsung Lu, Xin Wang, Yue Zhao, M. Tomson","doi":"10.2118/190754-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190754-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Numerous saturation indices and computer algorithms have been developed to determine if, when, and where scale will form, but scale prediction can still be challenging since the predictions from different models often differ significantly at extreme conditions. Furthermore, there is a great need to accurately interpret the partitioning of H2O, CO2, and H2S in different phases, and the speciations of CO2 and H2S. This presentation is to summarize current developments in the Equation of State and the Pitzer models to accurately model the partitioning of H2O, CO2, and H2S in hydrocarbon/aqueous phases and the aqueous ion activities at ultra high temperature, pressure and mixed electrolytes conditions. The equations derived from the Pitzer ion-interaction theory have been parametrized by regression of over 10,000 experimental data from publications in the last 170+ years using a genetic algorithm on the super computer, DAVinCI. With this new model, the 95% confidence intervals of the estimation errors for solution density are within 4*10'4 g/cm3. The relative errors of CO2 solubility prediction are within 0.75%. The estimation errors of the saturation index mean values for calcite, barite, gypsum, anhydrite, and celestite are within ± 0.1, and that for halite is within ± 0.01, most of which are within experimental uncertainties. This model accurately defines the pH of the production tubing at various temperature and pressure regimes and the risk of H2S exposure and corrosion. The developed model is able to predict the density of soluble chloride and sulfate salt solutions within ±0.1% relative error. The ability to accurately predict the density of a given solution at temperature and pressure allows one to deduce when freshwater breakthrough will occur. Lastly, accurate predictions can only be reliable with accurate data input. The need to improve accuracy of scale prediction with quality data will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128086864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron Sulphide Inhibition and Interaction with Zinc and Lead Sulphide","authors":"B. Al-Harbi, A. Graham, K. Sorbie","doi":"10.2118/190743-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190743-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Iron sulphide (FeS), zinc sulphide (ZnS) and lead sulphide (PbS) are considered to be among the most challenging scales in terms of inhibition and removal. They can form by direct reaction of aqueous sulphide species with dissolved Fe, Zn and/or Pb and by the exchange between aqueous sulphide species with preformed iron compounds, such as iron oxide hydroxide. These existing iron compounds may have formed during production and/or intervention, such as an acid treatment. Similarly, PbS and ZnS can form by extracting sulphide from a more soluble sulphide scale i.e. Zn exchanging with Fe in FeS. The objective of this work was to investigate FeS formation and inhibition under a range of conditions including pH, temperature, salinity and proposed mode of formation. In addition, the interaction between iron, zinc and lead within solutions containing sulphide species was investigated\u0000 The majority of this study was conducted under anaerobic conditions, with the scale formation and/or inhibition experiments being monitored by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, pH and particle size measurements. Among the tested scale inhibitors, two showed high efficiency against iron sulphide, however high pH and salinity had a detrimental impact on the performance of one of these products. Interestingly, these scale inhibitors prevented iron sulphide deposition even under aerobic conditions i.e. iron hydroxide partially preformed. Moreover, at sufficiently high concentrations of scale inhibitor, the deposition of zinc sulphide and lead sulphide was prevented even when these scales were formed via cation displacement i.e. zinc and lead displaced sulphide ions from pre-formed iron sulphide. The route of formation for FeS, ZnS and PbS was seen to have a significant impact on the inhibition process.\u0000 The particle sizes of inhibited (suspended) FeS were significantly lower than the blank FeS samples, with this effect increasing with increased scale inhibitor concentration. This difference in particle size may have an important influence on in-line filter blocking tests and produced water quality issues.","PeriodicalId":445983,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Wed, June 20, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129179811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}