International Studies in the Philosophy of Science最新文献_第10页

The Selective Confirmation Answer to the Paradox of the Ravens 乌鸦悖论的选择性确认答案

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1768014

William Peden

{"title":"The Selective Confirmation Answer to the Paradox of the Ravens","authors":"William Peden","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2020.1768014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2020.1768014","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Philosophers such as Goodman (1954), Scheffler (1963) and Glymour (1983) aim to answer the Paradox of the Ravens by distinguishing between confirmation simpliciter and selective confirmation. The latter evidential relation occurs when data not only confirms a hypothesis, but also disconfirms one of its ‘rival’ hypotheses. The appearance of paradox is allegedly due to a conflation of valid intuitions about selective confirmation with our intuitions about confirmation simpliciter. Theories of evidence, like the standard Bayesian analysis, should only be understood as explications of confirmation simpliciter; when we disambiguate between selective confirmation and confirmation simpliciter, there is no longer a paradox from these theories. Bandyopadhyay and Brittan (2006) have revived this answer within a sophisticated Bayesian analysis of confirmation and severe testing. I argue that, despite the attractive features of the Selective Confirmation Answer, there is no analysis of this evidential relation that satisfactorily answers the Paradox of the Ravens, and the prospects for any answer along these lines are bleak. We must look elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2020.1768014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47874240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

On the Concept and Conservation of Critical Natural Capital 论关键自然资本的概念与保护

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1788347

C. DesRoches

{"title":"On the Concept and Conservation of Critical Natural Capital","authors":"C. DesRoches","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2020.1788347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2020.1788347","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecological economics is an interdisciplinary science that is primarily concerned with developing interventions to achieve sustainable ecological and economic systems. While ecological economists have, over the last few decades, made various empirical, theoretical, and conceptual advancements, there is one concept in particular that remains subject to confusion: critical natural capital. While critical natural capital denotes parts of the environment that are essential for the continued existence of our species, the meaning of terms commonly associated with this concept, such as ‘non-substitutable’ and ‘impossible to substitute,’ require a clearer formulation then they tend to receive. With the help of equations and graphs, this article develops new definite account of critical natural capital that makes explicit what it means for objective environmental conditions to be essential for continued existence. The second main part of this article turns to the question of formally modelling the priority of conserving critical natural capital. While some ecological economists have maintained that, beyond a certain threshold, critical natural capital possesses absolute infinite value, absolute infinite utility models encounter significant problems. This article shows that a relative infinite utility model provides a better way to model the priority of conserving critical natural capital.","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2020.1788347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47535359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

An Epistemic Puzzle About Knowledge and Rational Credence 关于知识与理性信任的认知困惑

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1704615

Manuel Pérez Otero

引用次数: 0

Hume’s Problem Solved: The Optimality of Meta-Induction 休谟问题的解决：元归纳法的最优化

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1767892

Tomoji Shogenji

引用次数: 30

Climate Models: How to Assess Their Reliability 气候模型：如何评估其可靠性

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1644722

M. Carrier, J. Lenhard

{"title":"Climate Models: How to Assess Their Reliability","authors":"M. Carrier, J. Lenhard","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2019.1644722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2019.1644722","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper discusses modelling uncertainties in climate models and how they can be addressed based on physical principles as well as based on how the models perform in light of empirical data. We argue that the reliability of climate models can be judged by three kinds of standards: striking confirmation, supplementing independent causal arguments, and judging the causal core of models by establishing model robustness. We also use model robustness for delimiting confirmational holism. We survey recent results of climate modelling and identify salient results that fulfil each of the three standards. Our conclusion is that climate models can be considered reliable for some qualitative gross features and some long-term tendencies of the climate system as well as for quantitative aspects of some smaller-scale mechanisms. The adequacy of climate models for other purposes is less convincing. Among the latter are probability estimates, in particular, those concerning rare events. On the whole, climate models suffer from important deficits and are difficult to verify, but are still better confirmed and more reliable than parts of the methodological literature suggest.","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2019.1644722","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48547828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Why Adding Truths Is Not Enough: A Reply to Mizrahi on Progress as Approximation to the Truth 为什么添加真理是不够的:对米兹拉希关于“进步是真理的近似值”的回答

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1623502

G. Cevolani, Luca Tambolo

引用次数: 2

From Ontological Traits to Validity Challenges in Social Science: The Cases of Economic Experiments and Research Questionnaires 从本体论特征到社会科学的有效性挑战——以经济学实验和研究问卷为例

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1682773

María Caamaño-Alegre, J. Caamaño-Alegre

引用次数: 3

What’s Left of Human Nature? A Post-Essentialist, Pluralist, and Interactive Account of a C 人性还剩下什么?后本质主义、多元主义和互动主义对C的解释

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1704616

Andrew Buskell

引用次数: 0

In Praise of Natural Philosophy: A Revolution for Thought and Life 赞美自然哲学:一场思想与生活的革命

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1615663

Mohammad Reza Haghighi Fard

引用次数: 0

In What Sense Can There Be Evolution by Natural Selection Without Perfect Inheritance? 在没有完美遗传的情况下，在什么意义上可以有自然选择的进化?

IF 0.8 2区哲学

International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1623485

Pierrick Bourrat

{"title":"In What Sense Can There Be Evolution by Natural Selection Without Perfect Inheritance?","authors":"Pierrick Bourrat","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2019.1623485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2019.1623485","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Darwinian Population and Natural Selection, Peter Godfrey-Smith brought the topic of natural selection back to the forefront of philosophy of biology, highlighting different issues surrounding this concept. One such issue is whether the perfect transmission of characters from parent(s) to offspring is necessary for evolution by natural selection (ENS). Drawing on the classical summaries for ENS, Godfrey-Smith's answer is that it is not, and opposes his view to the replicator framework. In this paper, I show that Godfrey-Smith's approach to ENS is only one of two legitimate perspective on ENS. One focuses on natural selection in the context of other evolutionary processes, while the other assumes their absence. After having presented these two perspectives, which I call the ‘contextual’ and the ‘pure’ perspective respectively, I draw on a framework which conceptualises the difference between natural selection, drift, and mutation in a causal rather than statistical fashion developed elsewhere. From there, I show that following the pure rather than the contextual perspective, perfect inheritance of characters is a necessary condition for ENS. This is because, I argue, imperfect inheritance is inevitably associated with an evolutionary process conceptually distinct from natural selection, namely mutation. I conclude by proposing that the classical summaries for ENS correspond more to the contextual perspective and the replicator framework more to the pure perspective.","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2019.1623485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44768924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2