Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal最新文献

{"title":"Abstracts From the 2018 CSFS Conference","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1567784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1567784","url":null,"abstract":"s From the 2018 CSFS Conference (Gatineau, QC, April 30–May 4, 2018) WORKSHOPS Forensic science, the bar and the bench Organizer: Tobin Tanaka This educational one-day symposium is intended to provide an opportunity for members of the bar, and bench, and forensic scientists to discuss a variety of topics relating to the interaction of forensic science and the legal system. It is intended that this symposium will permit the possibility for a free exchange of how the forensic sciences can assist all parties in the legal system, in particular the courts. As the courts are the ultimate client and consumer of the proffered forensic evidence, insights from the bench on how forensic reports and testimony may provide truly expert evidence would be most welcome. The first part (morning session) of the symposium provides an overview of those forensic disciplines represented by the CSFS, each providing a 15-minute overview of their respective specialization. The forensic disciplines include: Anthropology/Medical Odontology, Biology, Chemistry, Documents, Engineering, Firearms and Toxicology. In each overview the scope and foundation, education, training and research for each forensic discipline will be provided. Specifically, how these factors may be considered in the admissibility of expert evidence under the four part criteria of R. v. Mohan, the reporting of findings, and the weight of admitted forensic expertise will discussed. The second part (afternoon session) will be a discussion between the legal community and forensic scientists. The topics of best practices, the interaction that counsel has with forensic scientists, and court room testimony are anticipated areas of discussion. All forensic scientists, lawyers, judges, students and other stakeholders in the justice system are welcome to participate in this workshop. Theory of the logical approach for forensic handwriting casework Presenter: Brent Ostrum Objectives: At the end of the workshop participants will have a working knowledge of the logical approach to evidence evaluation. They will understand how the approach works and the requirements for its application, and also be able to explain pros, cons and limitations. Synopsis: This workshop presents the logical approach to evidence evaluation and discusses this approach contrasting it with the ’traditional’ approach used in most labs today. Distinctions between the logical approach, the likelihood-ratio approach and a Bayesian approach will be explored. Pros, cons and requirements for the proper use of each approach, including the ‘traditional’ approach, will be discussed. The current scientific and legal status of the logical approach, both worldwide and in Canada, will be addressed with discussion of various initiatives in other countries that can be expected to have an impact on the Canadian scene. There is a strong lecture component to the workshop; however, it is also interactive in that participants will discuss various issues in smaller ","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":"1 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1567784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42128257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Les paramètres clés de l’interprétation des fibres textiles en sciences criminelles. Partie II: Transfert, persistance et détection","authors":"M. Schnegg, Raymond J. Palmer, G. Massonnet","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2018.1519769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2018.1519769","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Determining the probative value of trace evidence is essential in major criminal investigations. However, this can often be difficult when the significance of the results of a particular examination have to be evaluated within the context of the framework of circumstances of a specific case. This is particularly true in criminal investigations where it is necessary to evaluate the significance of a non-differentiation between fibres from a crime scene (or a crime-related item) with a source belonging to a suspect. By employing an approach involving a probabilistic Bayesian framework, it is possible to evaluate the significance of the results of an examination by considering a set of alternative propositions relating to the alleged activity in question. In such circumstances, it is crucial that any such evaluation is carried out at activity level, since transfer and persistence of textile material may be due to an activity not related to the alleged criminal action under consideration. This article reviews the literature on the detection, transfer and persistence of textile fibres since the understanding of these three concepts is essential for the robust assessment of activity level propositions. In addition, some complex casework scenarios are discussed, including secondary transfer phenomena and the transfer of fibres during domestic violence. Finally a section dedicated to the simulation of criminal and ‘legitimate’ activities involving fibre transfer is considered, which illustrates the importance of evaluating activity level propositions using data derived from conditions as close as possible to the framework of circumstances of the actual case under consideration.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"119 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2018.1519769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44990153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The response of the Intox EC/IR II to isopropanol and isopropanol/ethanol mixtures","authors":"Karen C. W. Chan","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2018.1491691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2018.1491691","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Intox EC/IR II was tested with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) solutions, and IPA and ethanol (EtOH) mixtures, at various concentrations to determine whether IPA contributes to, or produces, an apparent ethanol concentration (AEC). Two test modes were used – Subject Test, which has the interfering substance (IS) detection mechanism enabled and reports truncated results; and Quick Test, which reports untruncated results and does not detect IS. When testing IPA solutions alone, concentrations of 40 mg/dL (mg%) and above produced the IS status message while concentrations below 40 mg% produced numerical results in the Subject Test mode. With IPA alone, the IPA contribution to AEC was approximately half of the target IPA concentration. When IPA + EtOH mixtures were tested, all mixtures except one generated the IS status message. The one IPA + EtOH mixture, with 10 mg% IPA and 150 mg% target apparent EtOH, consistently produced numerical results in the Subject Test mode; however, the 10 mg% IPA in the mixture did not contribute to the AEC. This study showed that with the IS detection mechanism activated on the Intox EC/IR II, Subject Tests were aborted in instances where IPA would have contributed to the AEC and the AEC was 20 mg% or above.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"67 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2018.1491691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42715661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of a forensic blood substitute for impact pattern area of origin estimation via three trajectory analysis programs","authors":"Sumiko Polacco, M. Illes, T. Stotesbury","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2018.1463274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2018.1463274","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study explores the use of forensic synthetic blood substitute (FBS) for impact pattern simulation and area of origin estimation. Ten impact patterns were created at a known origin using the FBS and were analyzed by groups of undergraduate students participating in a basic bloodstain pattern analysis course. The students selected 20 upward-moving stains from their given patterns to estimate an area of origin. Three linear trajectory models – BackTrack™, Hemospat, and Sherlock – were used to estimate each pattern's area of origin. Coordinate data from each model's analysis were compared with the known origin and between programs at the x-, y-, z-coordinates, and overall. Results from this analysis yielded estimates comparable to the known. A one-way ANOVA found no significant difference between programs at the x- (p = 0.79), y- (p = 0.84), z- (p = 0.96) coordinates, and overall (p = 0.81). These results support the practical use of the FBS as an alternative to whole blood for impact pattern simulations and area of origin estimation.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"58 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2018.1463274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44406240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycobiota associated with human cadavers: First record in Argentina","authors":"M. C. Tranchida, L. Berruezo, S. Stenglein, M. Cabello","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2018.1463131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2018.1463131","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cadavers are an abundant source of organic matter. During their decomposition, a variety of organisms – insects, bacteria, and fungi – can feed on them. Within the ambit of forensic science, fungi have thus far received little attention. Nevertheless, the current study found that forensic mycology can be developed as a tool that provides useful evidence for case resolution. The fungal biota found growing on the surface of two cadavers with different post-mortem intervals (PMI) was examined and identified. The fungal samples were cultured and identified by morphology and molecular genetics. Fungal species such as Arthrinium arundinis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Candida guillermondii, Candida lypolitica, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Chrysosporium merdarium, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were registered. These findings are the first contributions to forensic mycology from Argentine research. In combination with the joint investigations of forensic researchers worldwide, these results should contribute in the discussion of the use of mycology as a valid forensic tool in which fungi can provide evidence in complex cases.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"39 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2018.1463131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44594606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gunshot residue and airbags: Part I. Assessing the risk of deployed automotive airbags to produce particles similar to gunshot residue","authors":"Denis J. N. Laflèche, Serge J. J. Brière, Nichole F. Faragher, Nigel G. R. Hearns","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2018.1463202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2018.1463202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A criminal investigation prompted us to assess the risk that a random automotive airbag from a vehicle available in Canada may produce particles similar to inorganic gunshot residue (GSR) if deployed. We analyzed residues collected from 53 separate airbags, surveying 28 different vehicle makes and models, spanning the years 1993–2011. Of the 53 residues analyzed only two passenger-side airbags tested positive for GSR-similar particles containing lead, barium and antimony (PbBaSb). GSR-similar PbBaSb particles from the two positive airbags also incorporated either cobalt or fluorine, thus providing a chemical marker for elimination. Our findings reaffirm that while passenger side airbags can potentially be a non-firearm source of GSR-similar particles, careful inspection of element composition can identify particles uncharacteristic of conventional firearm discharge residue. RÉSUMÉ Une enquête criminelle nous a incités à évaluer le risque qu'un coussin gonflable déployé suite à une collision frontale d'un véhicule puisse produire particules similaires aux résidus de tir inorganiques (RT). Nous avons analysé des résidus de 53 coussins gonflables différents, provenant de 28 différents marques et modèles de véhicules, s’échelonnant de 1993 à 2011. Des 53 résidus sondés, seulement deux coussins du tableau de bord (côté passager) contenaient des particules avec du plomb, du baryum et de l'antimoine (PbBaSb). Ces deux particules contenaient cependant aussi du cobalt ou du fluor, permettant ainsi l'identification d'un marqueur pour fins d’élimination. Nos résultats réaffirment que bien que les coussins gonflables du tableau de bord (côté passager) peuvent être une source potentielle de RT, une inspection minutieuse de la composition élémentaire de ceux-ci peuvent trouver des particules non caractéristiques d'une décharge d'arme à feu conventionnelle.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"48 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2018.1463202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44775757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Les paramètres clés de l'interprétation des fibres textiles en sciences criminelles. Partie I: Occurrence et bruit de fond","authors":"M. Schnegg, Raymond J. Palmer, G. Massonnet","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1379683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379683","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The question at the centre of forensic expertise is the determination of the probative value of a correspondence between recovered trace evidence and suspect material. In the field of textile fibers, it is necessary to decide on the meaning of non-differentiation between a textile in question and a reference group (of control) fibres from a putative source. To do this, it is possible to use a probabilistic approach, in particular a Bayesian approach, in order to assign a likelihood ratio to the observations resulting from laboratory examinations. Several parameters have to be considered: the rarity of the observed fibres (occurrence), the probability that the latter will come from the criminal action (transfer and persistence) and the probability that they are present by chance (not related to the criminal activity). The present article is a critical review of the sources of information published in the forensic literature that can be used to estimate the parameters for the calculation of the likelihood ratio. The main results are presented and are discussed in the light of the advantages and limitations of different types of studies. In this first part, only the studies dedicated to the determination of the scarcity of the index fibres (occurrence) and the ‘background’ fibres will be presented. Work on the transfer, persistence and recovery of fibres will be dealt with in Part Two.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"1 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379683","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48143299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of fire debris casework in Canada, 2011–2016","authors":"P. Sandercock","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1380979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1380979","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A retrospective study of 2723 fire debris samples from 930 cases submitted from across Canada between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016 to the RCMP forensic laboratory was conducted. A total of 326 samples of fire debris were not accepted for analysis owing to incorrect or improper packaging and the reasons why these samples were rejected are summarized. Of the 2397 samples from 886 cases accepted for analysis, 63% of the cases had at least one sample that tested positive for an ignitable liquid. Gasoline was the most commonly identified ignitable liquid. While arson is primarily a property-based offence, nearly one quarter (23%) of all arson cases submitted to our laboratory were classified by the investigating agency as a person-based offence; the majority of these cases (84%) were related to a homicide.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"26 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1380979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44550047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital dermatoglyphic study in three west Algerian populations: Reguibates, Zenata, Oran","authors":"Leïla Adda Neggaz, D. Meroufel, Tahria Deba, Asmahan Bekada, M. Hammadi, S. Mediene Benchekor, A. Rosa, S. Benhamamouch","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1379267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379267","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study of Dermatoglyphics has a great importance in medical, judicial, criminal and anthropological research. Human dermatoglyphic traits present variations within and between populations. The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive analysis of digital dermatoglyphic traits in three Algerian populations and enrich the anthropogenetic database of this population. The current study was conducted on 315 healthy and consenting individuals, 228 (144 males and 84 females) from Oran, the second most important city in Algeria located in the northwest of the country, 46 Reguibates (20 males and 26 females), and 42 Zenata (16 males and 26 females). The results show that the most common descending order of pattern type frequencies for both hands in the three samples is Ulnar loop, Whorl, Arch, Radial loop. One exception is seen in the Reguibates sample that has an unusually high frequency of radial loop. The analysis of qualitative digital characters revealed bimanual differences in the three populations.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"164 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42391743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic ballistics analysis of an unusual/unrifled/homemade firearm in the absence of the action","authors":"Gautam N. Ghadage, Ravindra K. Jagtap","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1379704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379704","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratories, Mumbai-India, has been receiving and examining homemade/desi-katta/improvised firearms for a long time. In all these cases, our work is always focused on the study of various physical parameters, including barrel parameters such as length, weight, the inner diameter of the muzzle end and the breech end. For the current study, we dealt with an interesting case of an unusual/unrifled barrel which was delivered to the Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratories, Mumbai-India, without its frame/receiver or other parts required for normally discharging cartridges (i.e. the hammer, firing pin, trigger, etc.). Without these components, a test firing was done by manually contacting the primer of the chambered cartridge with a ramrod, and comparison microscopy of the exhibit- and test-fired bullets and expended cartridge cases was performed. From the test firing and comparison microscopy, it was concluded from the microscopy results that the test-fired and exhibit-fired bullet and expended cartridge case had been fired from the same firearm, even without the frame/receiver or other part of firearm required for normal operation.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"175 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45102324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}