Journal of Combustion最新文献

{"title":"A Large Eddy Simulation Study on the Effect of Devolatilization Modelling and Char Combustion Mode Modelling on the Structure of a Large-Scale, Biomass and Coal Co-Fired Flame","authors":"M. Rabaçal, Mário Costa, M. Vascellari, C. Hasse, M. Rieth, A. Kempf","doi":"10.1155/2018/7036425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7036425","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on the impact of the devolatilization and char combustion mode modelling on the structure of a large-scale, biomass and coal co-fired flame using large eddy simulations. The coal modelling framework previously developed for the simulation of combustion in large-scale facilities is extended for biomass capabilities. An iterative procedure is used to obtain devolatilization kinetics of coal and biomass for the test-case specific fuels and heating conditions. This is achieved by calibrating the model constants of two empirical models: the single first-order model and the distributed activation energy model. The reference data for calibration are devolatilization yields obtained with predictive coal and biomass multistep kinetic mechanisms. The variation of both particle density and diameter during char combustion is governed by the conversion mode, which is modelled using two approaches: the power law using a constant parameter that assumes a constant mode during char combustion and a constant-free model that considers a variable mode during combustion. Three numerical cases are considered: single first-order reaction with constant char combustion mode, distributed activation energy with constant char combustion mode, and single first-order reaction with variable char combustion mode. The numerical predictions from the large eddy simulations are compared with experimental results of a high co-firing rate large-scale laboratory flame of coal and biomass. Furthermore, results from single particle conversion under idealised conditions, isolating the effects of turbulence, are presented to assist the interpretation of the predictions obtained with large eddy simulations. The effects of the devolatilization and conversion mode modelling on the flame lift-off, flame length, and spatial distribution and radial profiles of O2 and CO2 are presented and discussed. Both the devolatilization and conversion mode modelling have a significant effect on the conversion of particles under idealised conditions. The large eddy simulations results show that the devolatilization model has a strong impact on the flame structure, but not on the flame lift-off. On the other hand, for the tested numerical conditions, the char combustion mode model has a marginal impact on the predicted results.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75273517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Instantaneous Reconstruction of Turbulent Industrial Flames Using Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence (CTC)","authors":"A. Unterberger, M. Röder, A. Giese, A. Al-Halbouni, A. Kempf, K. Mohri","doi":"10.1155/2018/5373829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5373829","url":null,"abstract":"Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence (CTC) was used to reconstruct the instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) chemiluminescence field of a high-power industrial flame, which was made optically accessible, for the first time. The reconstruction used 24 projections that were measured simultaneously, in one plane and equiangularly spaced within a total fan angle of 172.5°. The 3D results were examined by plotting both vertical and horizontal slices, revealing highly wrinkled structures with good clarity. The results presented are one of a series of experimental demonstrations of CTC applications to turbulent gaseous flames. The work reveals the potential to use any kind of luminescence measurement, such as emission from heated particles in coal-fired flames, for analysis of the flame shape directly in 3D.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90894276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charged Species Concentration in Combusting Mixtures Using Equilibrium Chemistry","authors":"S. Aithal","doi":"10.1155/2018/9047698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9047698","url":null,"abstract":"Ionization in flames is of interest in the design and development of modern combustion devices. The identity and concentration of various charged species in reacting mixtures can play an important role in the diagnostics and control of such devices. Simplified chemistry computations that provide good estimates of ionic species in complex flow-fields can be used to model turbulent reacting flows in various combustion devices, greatly reducing the required computational resources for design and development studies. A critical assessment of the use of the equilibrium chemistry method to compute charged species concentration in combusting mixtures under various temperatures, pressures, and thermal disequilibrium conditions is presented. The use of equilibrium chemistry to compute charged species concentrations in propane-air mixtures performed by Calcote and King has been extended. A more accurate computational methodology that includes the effect of negative ions, chemi-ions (H3O+ and CHO+), and thermal nonequilibrium was investigated to evaluate the suitability of equilibrium computations for estimating charged species concentrations in reacting mixtures. The results show that equilibrium computations which include the effects of H3O+ and elevated electron temperatures can indeed explain the levels of ion concentrations observed in laboratory flame experiments under lean and near-stoichiometric conditions. Furthermore, under engine-like conditions at higher temperatures and pressures, equilibrium computations can be used to obtain useful estimates of charged species concentrations in modern combustion devices.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88192056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth of Soot Volume Fraction and Aggregate Size in 1D Premixed C2H4/Air Flames Studied by Laser-Induced Incandescence and Angle-Dependent Light Scattering","authors":"Peter Langenkamp, J. A. Oijen, H. Levinsky, A. Mokhov","doi":"10.1155/2018/2308419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2308419","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of soot volume fraction and aggregate size was studied in burner-stabilized premixed C2H4/air flames with equivalence ratios between 2.0 and 2.35 as function of height above the burner using laser-induced incandescence (LII) to measure soot volume fractions and angle-dependent light scattering (ADLS) to measure corresponding aggregate sizes. Flame temperatures were varied at fixed equivalence ratio by changing the exit velocity of the unburned gas mixture. Temperatures were measured using spontaneous Raman scattering in flames with equivalence ratios up to ϕ = 2.1, with results showing good correspondence (within 50 K) with temperatures calculated using the San Diego mechanism. Both the soot volume fraction and radius of gyration strongly increase in richer flames. Furthermore, both show a nonmonotonic dependence on flame temperature, with a maximum occurring at ~1675 K for the volume fraction and ~1700 K for the radius of gyration. The measurement results were compared with calculations using two different semiempirical two-equation models of soot formation. Numerical calculations using both mechanisms substantially overpredict the measured soot volume fractions, although the models do better in richer flames. The model accounting for particle coagulation overpredicts the measured radii of gyration substantially for all equivalence ratios, although the calculated values improve at ϕ = 2.35.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74349618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Approach for Combustion Monitoring Using Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network","authors":"Pieter DePape, I. Novosselov","doi":"10.1155/2018/8704792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8704792","url":null,"abstract":"Flame stability and pollution control are significant problems in the design and operation of any combustion system. Real-time monitoring and analysis of these phenomena require sophisticated equipment and are often incompatible with practical applications. This work explores the feasibility of model-based combustion monitoring and real-time evaluation of proximity to lean blowout (LBO). The approach uses temperature measurements, coupled with Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) model to interpret the data in real-time. The objective is to provide a computationally fast means of interpreting measurements regarding proximity to LBO. The CRN-predicted free radical concentrations and their trends and ratios are studied in each combustion zone. Flame stability and a blowout of an atmospheric pressure laboratory combustor are investigated experimentally and via a phenomenological real-time Chemical Reactor Network (CRN). The reactor is operated on low heating value fuel stream, i.e., methane diluted with nitrogen with N2/CH4volume ratios of 2.25 and 3.0. The data show a stable flame-zone carbon monoxide (CO) level over the entire range of the fuel-air equivalence ratio (Φ), and a significant increase in hydrocarbon emissions approaching blowout. The CRN trends agree with the data: the calculated concentrations of hydroxide (OH), O-atom, and H-atom monotonically decrease with the reduction of Φ. The flame OH blowout threshold is 0.025% by volume for both fuel mixtures. The real-time CRN allows for augmentation of combustion temperature measurements with modeled free radical concentrations and monitoring of unmeasurable combustion characteristics such as pollution formation rates, combustion efficiency, and proximity to blowout. This model-based approach for process monitoring can be useful in applications where the combustion measurements are limited to temperature and optical methods, or continuous gas sampling is not practical.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87641231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of Coal and Biomass Cofiring with Different Particle Density and Diameter in Bubbling Fluidized Bed under O2/CO2 Atmospheres","authors":"Chao Chen, Xuan Wu, Lingling Zhao","doi":"10.1155/2018/6931483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6931483","url":null,"abstract":"A 2D dynamic model for a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) combustor has been developed for simulating the coal and biomass cofiring process under 21% O2/79% CO2 atmosphere in a 6 kWth bubbling fluidized bed, coupled with the Euler-Euler two-phase flow model. The kinetic theory of binary granular mixtures is employed for the solid phase in order to map the effect of particle size and density. The distribution of temperature, volume fraction, velocity, gas species concentration, and reaction rates are studied with numerical calculations. The simulated temperature distribution along the height of the combustor and outlet gas concentrations show good agreement with experimental data, validating the accuracy and reliability of the developed cofiring simulation model. As indicated in the results, there are two high temperature zones in the combustor, which separately exist at the fuel inlet and dilute phase. The reaction rates are related to the species concentration and temperature. The higher concentration and temperature lead to the larger reaction rates. It can be seen that all of the homogeneous reaction rates are larger at the fuel inlet region because of rich O2 and volatiles. High mass fraction of volatile gas is found at the fuel inlet, and the main reburning gas at the dilute phase is CH4. The mass fraction distribution of CO is related to the volume fraction of fuel which is due to the fact that the source of CO is not only from the devolatilization but also from the gasification. On the basis of this theoretical study, a better understanding of flow and combustion characteristics in biomass and coal cofiring under oxy-fuel atmospheres could be achieved.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85825066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Pollutant Emissions from Bluff-Body Stabilised Nonpremixed Flames","authors":"N. Munteanu, Shokri M. Amzaini","doi":"10.1155/2018/8924370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8924370","url":null,"abstract":"Construction of a stable flame is one of the critical design requirements in developing practical combustion systems. Flames stabilised by a bluff-body are extensively used in certain types of combustors. The design promotes mixing of cold reactants and hot products on the flame surface to improve the flame stability. In this study, bluff-body stabilised methane-hydrogen flames are computed using the steady laminar flamelet combustion method in conjunction with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. These flames are known as Sandia jet flames and have different jet mean velocities. The turbulence is modelled using the standard k-ϵ model and the chemical kinetics are modelled using the GRI-mechanism with 325 chemical reactions and 53 species. The computed mean reactive scalars of interest are compared with the experimental measurements at different axial locations in the flame. The computed values are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. Although some underpredictions are observed mainly for NO and CO at downstream locations in the flame, these results are consistent with earlier reported studies using more complex combustion models. The reason for these discrepancies is that the flamelet model is not adequate to capture the finite-rate chemistry effects and shear turbulence specifically, for species with a slow time scale such as nitrogen oxides.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90399192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Combustion Kinetics of Wood Powder and Pellet","authors":"Peng Haobin, Yuesheng Li, Yunquan Li, Fangyang Yuan, Guohua Chen","doi":"10.1155/2018/5981598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5981598","url":null,"abstract":"The combustion kinetic characteristics of wood powder and pellet were investigated within thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and tube furnace system. The kinetic parameters of these two different forms of woody fuel were measured and derived by double-step-and-double-equal and isothermal method, respectively. The results showed that the combustion mechanisms of wood powder kept consistent through the whole process, while the combustion mechanisms of wood pellet differed significantly between the volatile and char combustion stages. The most probable mechanism functions of the two different forms of woody fuel were not the same due to the differences in internal heat and mass transfer properties. In addition, activation energy values varied from 92.33 kJ·mol−1 for wood powder to 71.20 kJ·mol−1 for wood pellet, while the preexponential factor value of wood powder (2.55×108 s−1) was far greater than the one of the wood pellet (78.55 s−1) by seven orders of magnitude.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73123416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Modulation of the Inlet Velocity and Equivalence Ratio Gradients on the Stabilization of Stratified Axisymmetric Bluff-Body Flames","authors":"G. Paterakis, P. Koutmos","doi":"10.1155/2018/6581345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6581345","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of ultralean stratified, disk stabilized, propane flames operated with acoustic modulation of the inlet velocity and fuel-air mixture profiles is presented. Transverse acoustic forcing was applied to the air, upstream of a double-cavity premixer section, formed along three concentric disks, which fueled the stabilization region with a radial mixture gradient. Measurements and supporting Large Eddy Simulations with a nine-step mechanism for propane combustion were performed to evaluate variations in the ultralean flame characteristics under forced and unforced conditions. The effects of forcing on the heat release profiles and on the interaction of the toroidal flame with the recirculation region are examined and discussed. The impact of the acoustic excitation of inlet conditions on the local extinction behavior is, also, assessed by monitoring a local stability criterion and by analyzing phase-resolved chemiluminescence images.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"9 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6581345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72536115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Combustion Process Model Parameters in Diesel Engine with Variable Compression Ratio","authors":"S. Milojević, R. Pesic","doi":"10.1155/2018/5292837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5292837","url":null,"abstract":"Compression ratio has very important influence on fuel economy, emission, and other performances of internal combustion engines. Application of variable compression ratio in diesel engines has a number of benefits, such as limiting maximal in cylinder pressure and extended field of the optimal operating regime to the prime requirements: consumption, power, emission, noise, and multifuel capability. The manuscript presents also the patented mechanism for automatic change engine compression ratio with two-piece connecting rod. Beside experimental research, modeling of combustion process of diesel engine with direct injection has been performed. The basic problem, selection of the parameters in double Vibe function used for modeling the diesel engine combustion process, also performed for different compression ratio values. The optimal compression ratio value was defined regarding minimal fuel consumption and exhaust emission. For this purpose the test bench in the Laboratory for Engines of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, is brought into operation.","PeriodicalId":44364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Combustion","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80064703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}