{"title":"China - reaping the rewards of long-term investment in capability and education","authors":"S. Hall","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"73 1","pages":"67-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72674437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal design of buckling resistance for a large deepwater functional tank (DFT)","authors":"Wang Yi, Zhang Fangfang, Xu Fan","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.103","url":null,"abstract":"Buckling resistance is a major challenge in the design of a large deepwater functional tank (DFT), and internal stiffeners are commonly used to strengthen its shell. In the present paper, the influence of various stiffener parameters on the stability of the DFT was studied via the finite\u0000 element method. The strengthening scheme of the DFT was optimised by the orthogonal test method, by which the influence of various parameters on the shell mass, internal volume and stability of the structure was evaluated. The optimal buckling resistance scheme can be obtained using the comprehensive\u0000 balance method based on the orthogonal assessment results.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"12 1","pages":"103-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84222540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hierarchical classification of time series data aggregation in underwater wireless sensor networks","authors":"D. Ruby, J. Jeyachidra","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.053underwater","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.053underwater","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental fluctuations are continuous and provide opportunities for further exploration, including the study of overground, as well as underground and submarine, strata. Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) facilitate the study of ocean-based submarine and marine parameters\u0000 details and data. Hardware plays a major role in monitoring marine parameters; however, protecting the hardware deployed in water can be difficult. To extend the lifespan of the hardware, the inputs, processing and output cycles may be reduced, thus minimising the consumption of energy and\u0000 increasing the lifespan of the devices. In the present study, time series similarity check (TSSC) algorithm is applied to the real-time sensed data to identify repeated and duplicated occurrences of data for reduction, and thus improve energy consumption. Hierarchical classification of ANOVA\u0000 approach (HCAA) applies ANOVA (analysis of variance) statistical analysis model to calculate error analysis for realtime sensed data. To avoid repeated occurrences, the scheduled time to read measurements may be extended, thereby reducing the energy consumption of the node. The shorter time\u0000 interval of observations leads to a higher error rate with lesser accuracy. TSSC and HCAA data aggregation models help to minimise the error rate and improve accuracy.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"34 1","pages":"53-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78355552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sharma, Shilpi Harnal, Neha Miglani, Savita Khurana
{"title":"Reliability of cluster head node based upon parametric constraints in underwater acoustic sensor networks","authors":"G. Sharma, Shilpi Harnal, Neha Miglani, Savita Khurana","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.039","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) has emerged as one of the most popular network technologies owing to its applicability to offshore searches, and underwater monitoring and exploration applications. It has been shown to be useful in the fields of investigations and surveillance,\u0000 and in assisting with and offering solutions to water-based calamities. Reliability in the underwater environment has caused researchers to direct attention towards improving the overall efficiency and energy utilisation of the network. In the present paper, reliable node quester (RNQ) algorithm\u0000 has been formulated to calculate the node reliability for numerous parameters such as success rate, transmission time, and the affordability, congestion and stability of the nodes. The present paper highlights the data-forwarding mechanism of the nodes to enhance overall network reliability\u0000 by (i) reducing the packet drop rate; (ii) increasing the packet delivery ratio; and (iii) minimising the energy consumption. Simulation results further support the proposed strategy by ensuring the network lifespan and detection accuracy.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"27 1","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74401988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Case studies in estimating subsea systems' readiness level","authors":"S. Yasseri, H. Bahai","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.013","url":null,"abstract":"Systems readiness level (SRL) is a metric defined for assessing progress in the development of systems. The methodologies to estimate SRLs are built on the technology readiness level (TRL), originally developed by NASA to assess the readiness of new technologies for insertion into a\u0000 system. TRL was later adopted by governmental institutions and many industries, including the American Petroleum Institute (API). The TRL of each component is mathematically combined with another metric, integration readiness level (IRL), to estimate the overall level of readiness of a system.\u0000 An averaging procedure is then used to estimate the composite level of systems readiness. The present paper builds on the previous paper by Yasseri (2013) and presents case examples to demonstrate the estimation of SRL using two approaches. The objective of the present paper is to show how\u0000 the TRL, IRL, and SRL are combined mathematically. The performance of the methodology is also demonstrated in a parametric study by pushing the states of readiness to their extremes, namely very low and very high readiness. The present paper compares and contrasts the two major\u0000 system readiness levels estimation methods: one proposed by Sauser et al. (2006) for defence acquisition based on NASA's TRL scale, and another based on API's TRL scale. The differences and similarities are demonstrated using a case study.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"28 1","pages":"13-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87086429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A simple in situ labelling approach and adequate tools for photo and video quadrats used in underwater ecological studies","authors":"B. Moreno","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.029","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological studies use quadrats to gather qualitative (1/0) and quantitative (density and surface coverage) information in terrestrial and marine sciences. Depending on the spatiotemporal scale of the assessment, this could be a pilot or a monitoring survey. For monitoring surveys,\u0000 it is necessary to develop a code for the quadrat itself (in situ labelling), for the digital file (ex situ codification), and ideally, for both. The design of the quadrat used for these studies must accomplish ergonomics through certain specifications such as: made of highly\u0000 resistant material; negative-buoyant but lightweight; anticorrosive (specially for marine environments); able to stay positioned on seafloor habitat; and compatible with the in situ labelling technique. The present paper is a comparison of quadrats of different materials and widths,\u0000 including the implementation of an in situ and ex situ codification technique. Recommendations are made after several test hours sampling with quadrats.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78881807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collision avoidance with control barrier function for target tracking of an unmanned underwater vehicle","authors":"Z. Deng, M. T. Zaman, Zhenzhong Chu","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.003","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) move in dynamic environments and need to avoid other non-cooperative obstacles while executing a task, such as tracking a target or a special trajectory. It is a challenge to avoid collisions with moving obstacles in the tracking process. The present\u0000 paper describes the implementation of horizonplane adaptive cruise control, which follows a given desired trajectory using control Lyapunov functions while satisfying constraints specified by a control barrier function to avoid collision with obstacles. The Lyapunov function is treated as\u0000 a soft constraint, and the barrier function as hard constraint for the UUV; both are satisfied simultaneously using quadratic programming. Finally, the present paper describes a simulation of avoiding moving obstacles while tracking a target, with the results showing this as effective and\u0000 feasible.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"18 1","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78401046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"It's time to reveal a long love affair","authors":"Judith Patten","doi":"10.3723/ut.37.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"104 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76121046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Signal transmission through seawater for MHz frequencies and medium distances (0–30 m) using ionic current waves","authors":"J. Lucas","doi":"10.3723/ut.36.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.36.053","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic (EM) signals can only be transmitted through seawater for short distances (<1 m) for frequencies (>1 MHz). Therefore a new technique, the ionic current wave (ICW), has been developed for signal propagation at MHz frequency. This technique uses the conduction current\u0000 produced in seawater as a result of thermal ionisation releasing H+ and OH– ions. A small voltage (<1.5 V pk) is applied between two metal electrodes submerged in the seawater to avoid ionisation by the input electrical energy. A detailed theoretical\u0000 analysis of the ICW process has shown that ionic currents can be transmitted at MHz frequency over distances of 10 m with low signal loss per decade. For longer propagation distances of 100 m the theory predicts a signal loss of –20 dB per decade. Propagation experiments have\u0000 been carried out in Liverpool dock seawater for distances of 2 m–28 m between parallel 0.5 m × 0.3 m electrodes placed vertically in the seawater at a depth of 2 m. Signal frequencies within the range of 1 MHz–8 MHz have been investigated. In each experiment the received\u0000 propa gated signal power was approximately –67 dBm (well above the dock electrical noise of –140 dBm) and only showed a small power loss over the full range of propagation. The ICW system will be able to measure longer propagation distances in deep seawater conditions\u0000 suitable for ship and submarine communications. Its performance is comparable to that of sonar systems.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"48 1","pages":"53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78510592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel initiative on vertical-axis underwater turbine suitable for low underwater current velocities","authors":"J. Agbakwuru, U. Ibrahim","doi":"10.3723/ut.36.043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.36.043","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper discusses efforts made to reinvent the use of the vertical-axis turbine for use in locations of low underwater current velocities. The present work targets the low flow current of the sub-Saharan ocean system, which has an underwater current record of around 0.3 m/s\u0000 and a sea state that is mild, benign and with little or no local storms. The present initiative is achieved through a combination of ducting techniques to increase velocity of flow, and the utilisation of a large surface contact area exposed to flowing water per unit of time. Torque estimations\u0000 are made using three methods: first principle, SolidWorks computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and physical measurement. The lowest power coefficient for the tested model is computed from SolidWorks CFD software as 0.70. Existing state-of-the-art underwater current power technologies\u0000 are reviewed and the present initiative described. A future for ocean water current technology in sub-Saharan Africa is also proposed.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"9 1","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87622722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}