Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health最新文献

{"title":"Combination of PAPPA, fhCGβ, AFP, PlGF, sTNFR1, and Maternal Characteristics in Prediction of Early-onset Preeclampsia.","authors":"Anna Yliniemi,&nbsp;Kaarin Makikallio,&nbsp;Teemu Korpimaki,&nbsp;Heikki Kouru,&nbsp;Jaana Marttala,&nbsp;Markku Ryynanen","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S21865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S21865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of first-trimester markers-pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), free human chorionic gonadotropin β (fhCGβ), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1) together with maternal characteristics (MC) for prediction of early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During 2005-2010, the abovementioned biomarkers were analyzed with logistic regression analysis in 64 EOPE and 752 control subjects to determine whether these biomarkers separately and in combination with MC would predict development of EOPE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PAPPA, fhCGβ, and PlGF levels were lower, whereas AFP and sTNFR1 levels were higher in mothers with EOPE compared to controls. The combination of all markers with MC (age, weight, and smoking status) detected 48% of the mothers with EOPE, with a 10% false-positive rate (FPR).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>First-trimester maternal serum levels of PAPPA, fhCGβ, AFP, PlGF, and sTNFR1, together with MC, are predictive of development of subsequent EOPE. These markers, along with MC, form a suitable panel for predicting EOPE.</p>","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"9 ","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S21865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33413949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Culture System Using the INVOcell Device Shows Similar Pregnancy and Implantation Rates to Those Obtained from In Vivo Culture System in ICSI Procedures.","authors":"Javier García-Ferreyra,&nbsp;Roly Hilario,&nbsp;Daniel Luna,&nbsp;Lucy Villegas,&nbsp;Rocío Romero,&nbsp;Patricia Zavala,&nbsp;Julio Dueñas-Chacón","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S25494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S25494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Capsule: </strong>Clinical outcomes using INVOcell device with ICSI.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Intravaginal culture of oocytes (INVO) procedure is an intravaginal culture system that utilizes the INVOcell device in which the fertilization and embryo culture occur. In this procedure, the vaginal cavity serves as an incubator for oocyte fertilization and early embryonic development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of this intravaginal culture system in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 24 cycles INVO-ICSI (study group) and 74 cycles of ICSI (control group) were included in the study. The cleaved oocytes at day 3/total injected oocytes, embryo quality, pregnancy rate (PR), implantation rate (IR), and miscarriage rate (MR) were compared between both groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At day 3, there was no difference in the cleaved oocyte rate (78.7 and 76.1%) and embryo quality (77 and 86.8%) for the study and control groups, respectively. In the study group, more embryos were significantly transferred compared to the control group (2.63 ± 0.58 versus 1.93 ± 0.25; P < 0.05). PRs, IRs, and MRs were similar for the study group compared with the control group (PR: 54.2% versus 58.1%; IR: 31.7% versus 33.6%; MR: 7.7% versus 20.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Good PR and IR can be obtained using the INVOcell device, and the INVO-ICSI procedure can be considered as an alternative option to infertile patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"9 ","pages":"7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S25494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33398355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Uterine and Umbilical Arterial Doppler in High-risk Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study from India.","authors":"Teena Nagar,&nbsp;Deepak Sharma,&nbsp;Mukesh Choudhary,&nbsp;Shusheela Khoiwal,&nbsp;Rajendra Prasad Nagar,&nbsp;Aakash Pandita","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S24048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S24048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To study the role of Doppler imaging in prediction of high-risk pregnancies and their outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods and material: </strong>This prospective study in a setup of tertiary-level care center includes 500 high-risk pregnant women from rural and urban sectors and evaluates the predictive values of various Doppler indices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 500 patients, 110 patients had abnormal Doppler among them, 70 patients had abnormal uterine artery Doppler, and 50 patients had abnormal umbilical artery Doppler flow indices. In all, 10 patients had both umbilical artery and uterine artery abnormal Doppler indices. When uterine artery was abnormal (70 patients), 20 patients had preeclampsia, 10 patients had pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and 25 patients had intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio and notch had sensitivity of 60% and positive predictive value of 33.3% and 37.5%, respectively. When umbilical artery was abnormal (50 patients), 10 had preeclampsia, 15 had PIH, and 15 had IUGR. S/D ratio had the highest positive predictive value of 40%; sensitivity is same for all. In uterine artery, combination of parameters had the best sensitivity of 80%, followed by notch and S/D ratio. In umbilical artery, combination of parameters, S/D ratio, and RI (resistance index) had sensitivity of 40%; specificity of all the indices was 91-96%. In all, 20 patients had bilateral notch, and among them 15 developed preeclampsia and 15 developed IUGR. When both uterine and umbilical artery Doppler were abnormal (10 patients), all patients had preeclampsia and IUGR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therefore, Doppler study may be used for the prediction of preeclampsia and IUGR to reduce the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"9 ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S24048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33258011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryptorchidism and Fertility","authors":"F. Fawzy, A. Hussein, M. Eid, Ahmed El Kashash, H. Salem","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S25056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S25056","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptorchidism, the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum prenatally, occurs in 2.4%-5% of newborns. Many of these testes will descend spontaneously shortly after birth, but ~23% will remain undescended unless surgery is performed. Bilaterally cryptorchid men have a six times greater risk of being infertile when compared with unilaterally cryptorchid men and the general male population. Approximately 10% of infertile men have a history of cryptorchidism and orchidopexy. The main reasons for infertility in men with a history of cryptorchidism treated by orchidopexy are maldevelopment of the testes and an improper environment for the normal development of the testes, hyperthermia, and antisperm antibodies.","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"23 1","pages":"39 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87445133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IMSI Procedure Improves Laboratory and Clinical Outcomes Without Compromising the Aneuploidy Rate When Compared to the Classical ICSI Procedure","authors":"D. Luna, Roly Hilario, Julio Dueñas-Chacón, R. Romero, Patricia Zavala, Lucy Villegas, J. García-Ferreyra","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S33032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S33032","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) procedure has been associated with better laboratory and clinical outcomes in assisted reproduction technologies. Less information is available regarding the relationship between embryo aneuploidy rate and the IMSI procedure. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes and chromosomal status of IMSI-derived embryos with those obtained from intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in order to establish a clearer view of the benefits of IMSI in infertile patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed a total of 11 cycles of IMSI and 20 cycles of ICSI with preimplantation genetic diagnosis. The fertilization rate, cleavage rate, embryo quality, blastocyst development, aneuploidy rate, pregnancy rate, implantation rate, and miscarriage rate were compared between the groups. Results Similar rates of fertilization (70% and 73%), cleavage (98% and 100%), and aneuploidy (76.9% and 70.9%) were observed in the IMSI and ICSI groups, respectively. The IMSI group had significantly more good quality embryos at day 3 (95% vs 73%), higher blastocyst development rates (33% vs 19%), and greater number of hatching blastocysts (43% vs 28%), cycles with at least one blastocyst at day 5 (55% vs 35%), and blastocysts with good trophoectoderm morphology (21% vs 6%) compared with the ICSI group (P < 0.001). Significantly higher implantation rates were observed in the IMSI group compared with the ICSI group (57% vs 27%; P < 0.05). Pregnancy and miscarriage rates were similar in both groups (80% vs 50% and 0% vs 33%, respectively). Conclusion The IMSI procedure significantly improves the embryo quality/development by increasing the implantation rates without affecting the chromosomal status of embryos. There is a tendency for the IMSI procedure to enhance the pregnancy rates and lower the miscarriage rates when compared with ICSI.","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"29 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86976969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Aneuploidy Rates Observed in Embryos Derived from Donated Oocytes are Related to Male Aging and High Percentages of Sperm DNA Fragmentation","authors":"J. García-Ferreyra, D. Luna, Lucy Villegas, R. Romero, Patricia Zavala, Roly Hilario, Julio Dueñas-Chacón","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S32769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S32769","url":null,"abstract":"Capsule Male aging effects on aneuploidy rates in embryos. Objective Paternal age is associated with decreasing sperm quality; however, it is unknown if it influences chromosomal abnormalities in embryos. The objective of this study is to evaluate if the aneuploidy rates in embryos are affected by advanced paternal age. Methods A total of 286 embryos, obtained from 32 in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles with donated oocytes in conjunction with preimplantation genetic diagnosis, were allocated according to paternal age in three groups: Group A: ≤39 years (n = 44 embryos); Group B: 40-49 years (n = 154 embryos); and Group C: ≥50 years (n = 88 embryos). Fertilization rates, embryo quality at day 3, blastocyst development, and aneuploidy embryo rates were then compared. Results There was no difference in the seminal parameters (volume, concentration, and motility) in the studied groups. Fertilization rate, percentages of zygotes underwent cleavage, and good quality embryos on day 3 were similar between the three evaluated groups. The group of men ≥50 years had significantly more sperm with damaged DNA, low blastocyst development rate, and higher aneuploidy rates in embryos compared to the other two evaluated groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that advanced paternal age increases the aneuploidy rates in embryos from donated oocytes, which suggests that genetic screening is necessary in those egg donor cycles with sperm from patients >50 years old.","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"57 1","pages":"21 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S32769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72523259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individualized Treatment from Theory to Practice: The Private Case of Adding LH during GnRH Antagonist-based Stimulation Protocol.","authors":"Shahar Kol","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S17788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S17788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>The study evaluated the proportion of patients whose pituitary glands respond with a sharp decrease in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels when exposed to a conventional dose of 0.25 mg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist in a prospective, single-center, non-randomized, proof-of-concept study. Fifty women eligible for in vitro fertilization (IVF) received recFSH (Gonal-F) from day 2 or 3 of menstrual period. Basal estradiol, progesterone, and LH were measured on the same day and 4-5 days later-immediately before GnRH antagonist 0.25 mg administration, and 24 hours after its administration. Responders were defined as \"normal\" if 24 hours after the first GnRH antagonist injection, LH level was ≥50% of the pre-injection level and as \"over-suppressed\" if it was <50% of the pre-injection level. Twelve patients (26% of the total) were \"over-suppressed\" with a mean LH level of 37% of the level 24 hours earlier. These patients also demonstrated a significant decrease in estradiol rise during the first 24 hours after initial antagonist administration. This effect was reversed for the rest of the stimulation period during which recLH (Luveris, 150 IU/day) was added to the \"over-suppressed.\" If proven advantageous in terms of pregnancy rate, this approach to individualized treatment would be easy to implement.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT01936077.</p>","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"8 ","pages":"59-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S17788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32863362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Low Prevalence of Y Chromosomal Microdeletions is Observed in the Oligozoospermic Men in the Area of Mato Grosso State and Amazonian Region of Brazilian Patients.","authors":"Gleice Cristina Dos Santos Godoy,&nbsp;Bianca Borsatto Galera,&nbsp;Claudinéia Araujo,&nbsp;Jacklyne Silva Barbosa,&nbsp;Max Fernando de Pinho,&nbsp;Marcial Francis Galera,&nbsp;Sebastião Freitas de Medeiros","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S15475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S15475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions on Y chromosome in infertile patients with oligozoospermia or azoospermia in Mato Grosso state, Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study enrolled 94 men from infertile couples. Karyotype analysis was performed by lymphocyte culture technique. DNA from each sample was extracted using non-enzymatic method. Microdeletions were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With the use of cytogenetic analysis, five patients (5.3%) had abnormal karyotype, one azoospermic patient (1.1%) had karyotype 46,XY,t(7;1) (qter-p35), one (1.1%) with mild oligozoospermia had karyotype 46,XY,delY(q), and two other azoospermic patients had karyotype 47,XXY, consistent with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). One of them (1.1%) with severe oligozoospermia had karyotype 46,XY,8p+. Microdeletion on Y chromosome was found in the azoospermia factor c (AZFc) region in only one azoospermic patient (1.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of genetic abnormalities in oligo/azoospermic Brazilian men from infertile couple was 5.3%, and microdeletion on Y chromosome was not a common finding in this population (1.1%).</p>","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"8 ","pages":"51-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S15475","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32659606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined first-trimester screening in northern Finland: experiences of the first ten years.","authors":"Anna Merilainen,&nbsp;Sini Peuhkurinen,&nbsp;Timppa Honkasalo,&nbsp;Paivi Laitinen,&nbsp;Hannaleena Kokkonen,&nbsp;Markku Ryynanen,&nbsp;Jaana Marttala","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S14958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S14958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of first trimester combined screening for Down's syndrome in Northern Finland during the first 10 years of practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2011, 47,896 women participated voluntarily in combined screening during first trimester. The risk cutoff was 1:250. The study period was divided into two time periods; 2002-2006 and 2007-2011.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the first half of the study period, the detection rate (DR) was 77.3% with a 4.9% false-positive rate (FPR). During the latter half, the DR was 77.1% with a 2.8% FPR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An important issue is the number of invasive procedures needed to detect one case of Down's syndrome. The screening performance improved markedly in the latter five years period since the FPR lowered from 4.9% to 2.8% and the number of invasive procedures needed to detect one case of Down's syndrome lowered from 15 to 11.</p>","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"8 ","pages":"45-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S14958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32599575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ketoconazole inhibits ovulation as a result of arrest of follicular steroidogenesis in the rat ovary.","authors":"Michael Gal,&nbsp;Joseph Orly","doi":"10.4137/CMRH.S15887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMRH.S15887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Ketoconazole (KCZ) is a known inhibitor of steroidogenic P450 enzymes in the adrenal cortex and the gonads. Previous studies examined the potential clinical use of KCZ for attenuation of ovarian response to gonadotropin treatments. This study aimed to use the superovuating rat model to explore the effect of KCZ on ovarian steroidogenesis, follicular function, and development toward ovulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prepubertal rats were treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)/human CG (hCG) resulting in multiple follicular development and ovulation. The effect of KCZ on this model was examined by administration of KCZ-gel formula and subsequent analyses of ovarian steroidogenesis, rate of ovulation, morphometric assessments of follicular parameters, and cell-specific steroidogenic maturation of the treated ovaries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When applied shortly before gonadotropin stimulation, KCZ markedly reduced ovarian progesterone, androstenedione, and estradiol levels down to 18.7, 36.5, and 19.0%, respectively (P < 0.001). A single KCZ-gel administration of 6, 12, and 24 mg/rat resulted in reduction of ovulated ova/ovary down to 8.6 ± 4.9, 5.1 ± 4.3, and 2.4 ± 3.2, respectively, as compared to 13.6 ± 4.4 ova found in the oviduct of control-gel-injected animals (P < 0.001). An alternative protocol made use of small KCZ doses injected in non-gel formula (5 mg/dose/8 hours), commenced with the eCG administration and terminated 24 hours later; this treatment readily inhibited the ovulation rates to 6.6 ± 6.6 as compared to 16.5 ± 4.1 ova/ovary in the control group (P < 0.01). By contrast, KCZ failed to inhibit ovulation if administered 24 hours after eCG injection. Anovulation by KCZ resulted from arrest of follicular development at the stage of 800-840 μm Graafian follicles as compared to 920 μm of peri-ovulatory follicles (OFs) observed in the control group, P = 0.029. In addition, absence of CYP11A1 expression was evident in the granulosa cell layers of the growth-arrested follicles, which also lacked mucified mature cumulus cell complexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that KCZ-mediated inhibition of follicular maturation probably results from impaired steroidogenesis at early phase of follicular development toward ovulation. Hence, attenuation of folliculogenesis by KCZ may be harnessed to modulate gonadotropin-ovarian stimulation in fertility treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":44130,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Reproductive Health","volume":"8 ","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMRH.S15887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32474348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}