African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences最新文献

{"title":"review of participatory epidemiology application in human health and nutrition and future directions","authors":"Victor Mwiti Marangu, Robert Mburugu Kei, Dr. Dorothy Kagendo Kithinji (PhD.)","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.162","url":null,"abstract":"Participatory Epidemiology (PE) developed as a branch of veterinary epidemiology and has been widely used in infectious disease control and early warning in resource-limited settings. In the beginning, Participatory Epidemiology was focused on linking the researcher’s communication skills with participatory methods to enable the participation of livestock owners and herders in the identification and assessment of livestock diseases as well as in the development, monitoring, and evaluation of the disease control strategies. In this respect, the use of participatory techniques gradually developed into Participatory Epidemiology with increased recognition by epidemiologists who have developed several tools which are being adapted in human health and nutrition. Relative to veterinary uses and human nutrition, Participatory Epidemiology has not been used in public health in Kenya or for studies on important human diseases, such as Kala-azar. However, in the recent past there have been growing interests from epidemiologists to extend the testing and piloting of the Participatory Epidemiology approach in the arid and semi-arid settings of Kenya geared at empowering communities to identify and solve their health needs. Additionally, there is ongoing debate about the ability of epidemiology to give results that can be better applied in public health practice besides its ability to identify disease risk factors. Scientific research has recommended that participatory research be applied in epidemiology to bridge this descriptive gap and action. This review describes the implementation experiences and lessons learnt in the use of Participatory Epidemiology in understanding human diseases, both communicable and non-communicable as well as human nutrition, a key factor in health and wellness. The reviewed articles provide an understanding into the application of PE approaches which have been limited in pastoralist areas, where zoonotic diseases are prone. The article establishes that as opposed to more conventional methods, using Participatory Epidemiology can generate precise and scientifically credible information within a relatively short period. Data generated from Participatory Epidemiology can be sustainably used to effectively find solutions to the common community health problems based on local preferences for control options.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"61 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health-Related Quality of Life: differences between Human-Wildlife Interface and Non- Wildlife Zones of Meru County, Kenya","authors":"Gervase M'ibui, C. Karani, Ananias N. Nkonge, Edward M. Ireri","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.130","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of animal origin are increasing.  Research, collaboration and surveillance on population health as per the WHO definition of health through one health is necessary to prevent these zoonoses. Comparison of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) between residents at the human-wildlife interfaces and non-wildlife zones can identitify health inequalities for action. We compared the HRQoL of such areas in Meru County, Kenya.\u0000Methods: Data were simultaneously collected using the European Quality of Life Five Dimension, Five Level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) in Igembe Central and Tigania West Sub-counties. Associations between the HRQoL variables and the hypothesis were tested through chi statistic and odds ratio respectively.\u0000Results: Participants largely reported no problems in the dimensions of EQ-5D-5L. However, the HRQoL significantly differed between the two populations. Populations at the brink of Meru National Park reported more problems in the worry (anxiety/depression) dimension of the EQ-5D-5L than their counterparts in Tigania West.\u0000Conclusions: Further studies are required to address the cause of anxiety/depression to improve population mental health around the Park.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"40 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of digital marketing on organizational agility of SACCOs in Meru Town","authors":"Daniel Kingori Nderitu","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.167","url":null,"abstract":"Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCOs) are vital drivers of economic growth in the country. SACCOs provide financial services, including deposits, loans, savings accounts, money transfers, insurance, and payment services. Even though digital media exists to improve the flexibility and the speed of business processes to improve organizational agility, its aspects are a very recent phenomenon among Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations. An empirical inquiry was relevant to understand the domain of communication, marketing strategies, and its influence on organizational agility since the discourse of digital marketing is continuously developing. SACCOs must understand the association of digital marketing to organizational agility to embrace digital technology in their operations and stay relevant to their members while increasing their level of business resilience. The study sought to determine the effect of digital marketing (social media, mobile, and website marketing) on the organizational agility of SACCOs in Meru Town, Kenya. A descriptive research design was adopted to gather information on the relationship between the two research variables. With a target population of 5 SASRA-licensed SACCOs in Meru Town, data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire where a stratified sampling method was utilized to attain the desired representation target population of 52 respondents. A pilot test was conducted to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaire adopted as the research instrument. The data was tabulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, whereby tabular, graphical, and numerical representations were utilized. Multiple linear regression was conducted to establish the inferential statistics and define the relationship between digital marketing indicators and organizational agility. The study results established that social media marketing, mobile marketing, and website marketing are positively related to the organizational agility of SACCOs. A coefficient of determination (R-squared) of 0.180 indicated that approximately 18% of the variance in organizational agility could be accounted for by the combination of social media, mobile, and website marketing strategies. The moderate level of explanatory power implies that while the chosen predictors are relevant, other factors likely influence SACCOs' organizational agility. The study's outcomes encourage decision-makers to embrace a comprehensive approach that integrates digital strategies into a wider organizational transformation and adaptation framework. The study's findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the intersection of digital marketing strategies and organizational agility. The study’s results emphasize that the benefits of these strategies extend beyond mere technological implementation, reflecting a fundamental shift in how organizations engage with their ecosystem, respond to changes, and navigate","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"20 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen inactivation from faecal waste via black soldier fly treatment","authors":"Alice Mumali, Joy Riungu, Dorothy Kagendo, Valary Oyoo","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.212","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable development goal 6.2 advocates for increasing access to equitable and adequate hygiene and sanitation for all by 2030, and its indicator target is to raise the proportion of the population using safely managed sanitation. On the contrary, it is approximated that only 54% of people globally have access to safely managed sanitation, while 2.4 billion lack access. Recent innovations have however seen the development of low-cost technologies that can be customized depending on the region. The container based sanitation (CBS) is one of the options for safely managing the waste compared to conventional sewerage systems that are expensive. However, the need for emptying and transportation of filled fecal sludge (FS) containers on daily basis, leads to high operational costs and increases the operational exposures risks to fecal pathogens amongst the CBS operators. The study determined the performance efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in inactivation of E.coli via seeded container based sanitation- Urine diverting dry toilet model. Sample was transported to the lab for analysis of E.coli after every 3 days from Seeded households and samples from Non seeded households in replication. One gram of sample was used in serial dilution up to factor 5.The inoculum was plated in Tryptone Bile Glucuronic (TBX) agar for enumeration according to manufacturer’s instructions. Plates with 30-300 colonies were considered viable for counting. The study used statistical analysis IBM SPSS software from the sets of experiments. The E.coli (CFU/ml) mean varied between 7.3±1.3 and 10.1±2.8 for Seeded treatments while non-seed treatments ranged between 7.5±1.6 and 10.4±3.2. A significant variation occurred between the two treatments at p<0.05(SH and NH). Findings from this study showed that there was reduction of E.coli coliforms with Bioconversion of organic waste using the BSF technology has been noted to reduce the E.coli load and reducing the volume of the bio-waste. Sanitation policy makers can apply the findings of this study in formulation of policies on safe handling and disposal of fecal matter from onsite sanitation facilities.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"90 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Situational analysis of occupational safety, health, and dignity of sanitation workers:","authors":"Alex Mutahi Ngatia, Fiona Anciano, Dorothy Kagendo, Joy Riungu","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.169","url":null,"abstract":"The safety, health, and dignity of sanitation workers, despite being critical to global sanitation efforts, have long been neglected. This study sought to assess the occupational hazards faced by sanitation workers in informal settlements as well as examining factors associated with the state of occupational safety, health, and dignity of the informal settlement sanitation workers. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data to provide a holistic understanding of the issues. It employed a case study method to explore the specific challenges faced by sanitation workers in Mukuru slums, considering socioeconomic, environmental, cultural, and policy factors. A sample of 40 sanitation workers was selected for the study based on purposive snowballing technique. Data collection was by use of semi-structured questionnaires, observation, and interviews. The findings revealed significant occupational hazards faced by sanitation workers, including chemical exposure, psychosocial challenges, physical injuries, and biological risks. Socioeconomic factors such as low income and limited education contributed to the workers' vulnerability, while social stigma and discrimination negatively impacted their dignity. Based on the research findings, several recommendations are proposed. These include enhancing training and awareness programs, providing access to personal protective equipment, improving working conditions.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"79 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"logging moratorium in Kenya and its impacts on Community Forests Associations:","authors":"Lawrence Mwebia, Kiogora Mworia, Hildah Nyougo Omae","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.165","url":null,"abstract":"The Forest Sector is Key to Kenya’s social and economic well-being since most of the financial activities rely on environmental-based resources for their sustenance. The Forest Conservation and Management Act, of 2016, provides for the conservation and management of public, community, and private forests. This has brought a paradigm shift in forest management from central command to involving various stakeholders. Adequate stakeholders' engagement in the direction of forest resources, results in minimal conflicts. Local involvement promotes a sense of ownership to the Forest Adjacent Communities Consequently, reducing conflicts in the management of the forest resources. This dissertation focuses on the impacts of logging moratorium on Community Forest Associations in our state forests, with a focus of two CFAs in Meru County. It uses both quantitative and qualitative research design. An in-depth literature review was, used to enrich the research findings. Data was collected from 289 Mucheene and Ruthumbi CFA residents. Their views on the impacts of logging moratorium to the CFA were also documented. The study found out that forest conservation cannot be delinked from livelihood improvement by the Forest Adjacent Communities. There lie difficulties for the area population of the study area to support their life demands with the moratorium in place owing to the fact that they highly depended on the forest to support their livelihoods pre-moratorium. The study found that 93.4 % of the respondents believe that legal logging promotes job creation in the sawmill value chain circular economy. Findings are expected, to inform policy on forest conservation in collaboration with the FAC. The study recommends that the Government should adopt a regulation mechanism that safeguards logging in the extension forest of the community whenever there is an ongoing logging moratorium in the public forest.\u0000 Communities, Forests, Logging, Moratorium, Livelihoods, Stakeholders engagement.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"30 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting financing of communal sanitation facilities by the public sector in Informal Settlements: A case of Nyalenda informal settlement, Kisumu City.","authors":"Samuel Atika, Elijah Walubuka, Munene Nguta","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.161","url":null,"abstract":"To close the current sanitation gap, public funding for sanitation has become increasingly insufficient, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. What is concerning in Kenya is not the large number of people who lack access to safe sanitation facilities, but the slow rate at which households can gain access to improved sanitation facilities. A sustainable financing strategy is required, one that will increase resource allocations to the sector, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing resources wherever they are found, and tap the potential of alternative financing mechanism. A critical review of policy documents like the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) shows that there is hardly any documentation on County sanitation plans. Once sanitation lacks in the CIDP, the county can hardly plan for the sector hence making the residents suffer. The study objectives are to examine different sanitation financing options for communal sanitation facilities in Nyalenda informal settlement, to assess factors affecting financing of communal sanitation facilities by public sector in Nyalenda informal settlement and to establish challenges of financing communal sanitation facilities in Nyalenda informal settlement. The study is a descriptive cross-section design. The study used closed and open-ended questionnaires and key informants’ interview in collection of data where n=400. The study established that the dominant communal sanitation financing option in Nyalenda informal settlement was personal contribution (56.0%), followed by NGO financing (40.3%), while the last was County Government financing (0.5%). Public-private partnerships played a crucial role in facilitating sustainable onsite financing for sanitation facilities as evidenced by majority of the respondents agreeing (35.75%). The study recommended the need for diverse financing sources, awareness of available options, and supportive policies to overcome financial challenges. \u0000  \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"20 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140672160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of distributed ledger technologies application in medical systems interoperability","authors":"Dorothy Bundi, Stephen Mutua, Simon Karume","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.203","url":null,"abstract":"This study of the literature delves into the complex area of medical systems interoperability, focusing on mitigating variables that impact security and data transfer at the structural and semantic levels. In the era of digital healthcare, the secure sharing of medical data is crucial, and this study looks at how Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) can play a major role in addressing these challenges. Complex interoperability issues that come from differences in communication protocols, data formats, established data structures, data models, and data meaning and codification methodologies face the healthcare industry. These problems typically impede the seamless transmission of electronic medical records between healthcare systems. Because of their decentralized structure and cryptographic foundation, DLTs offer a workable solution to these issues. By critically evaluating previous research and case studies, DLTs may be able to lessen these interoperability issues, as this literature review illustrates. Since DLTs provide an immutable and secure platform for the transmission of medical data, guaranteeing data integrity and confidentiality, they are a natural fit for the sensitive nature of healthcare data. Their importance in creating safe communication protocols, enhancing the meaning of data, and defining models and formats for data is emphasized in this review. A comprehensive architecture for DLT interoperability in healthcare is also recommended by the research. This framework encourages the development of DLT integration, shared data models, standardized data formats, and governance and policy. By implementing this strategy and strengthening secure medical data sharing, healthcare organizations and governments may increase the efficiency, precision, and speed of healthcare delivery. The crucial role that DLTs play in removing the structural and semantic barriers to safe medical systems interoperability is highlighted in the conclusion of this literature review. By adopting DLTs, the healthcare sector may usher in a new era of standardized, safe, and efficient medical data transmission, which will ultimately benefit both patients and healthcare providers. This study shows how distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) have the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry by enabling the secure and meaningful exchange of medical data between different systems, thereby improving patient care and healthcare outcomes.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"99 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of biogenic sulfuric acid on simulated concrete septic tanks","authors":"Simon Irungu Gachie, Jacob Makanga, Anncarol W. Karanja, Simon Mirara","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.128","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete is the major construction material for infrastructure development. Concrete sewer septic tanks are Constructed using the conventional ordinary portland cement (OPC) and the Portland pozzolana cement (PPC). However, OPC based concrete sewer systems are susceptible to biological, mechanical, and chemical degradation. Degradation of the concrete septic leads to their failure hence imposing tremendous environmental problems. The aftermath is the emergence of sanitation-related diseases. The wastewater from failing septic systems leads to contamination of the groundwater or the surface water resulting in the pollution of drinking water. Therefore, the need to explore other possibilities and potential construction materials to achieve sustainable sanitation is inevitable. The use of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in the construction of degradation-resistant concrete sewer septic systems has not been well explored in Kenya. LC3 concrete is resistant to the deterioration effects of aggressive media such as acids, chlorides, and sulfates. This paper presents experimental performance and findings of LC3 in aggressive media vis a vis OPC. The LC3 was formulated by mixing clinker, Calcined clay, limestone, and gypsum at percentages of 50 %, 30 %, 15 %, and 5 % respectively. Compressive strength, Sorptivity, and weight loss during the wet and dry cycles for both LC3 and OPC were evaluated. Simulated concrete septic tanks made of LC3 and OPC were made by casting cubes at water cement ratio of 0.5 and cured in fresh water at ambient temperature for 28 days. These cubes were passed through a regime of W-D cycles in the 3% concentration of Biogenic sulfuric acid. It was observed that after 28 days of curing OPC cubes had slightly higher compressive strength than LC3. However LC3 concrete cubes are expected to have higher compressive strength than the OPC. Cubes curing time increases due to increased pozzolanic activity. Biogenic sulphuric acid attacks on hydrated cement products cause a decrease in compressive strength. The water absorption profile of LC3 cubes was lower as compared to OPC cubes. In conclusion, LC3 cubes had a high potential of resisting degradation as compared to OPC cubes. LC3 show more impressive performance, hence LC3 It’s a potential binder for use in the construction of sewer system. \u0000Keywords: Septic tank, Sorptivity, compressive strength, wet-dry cycles, biological, mechanical, and chemical degradation, sustainable sanitation, LC3.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140672778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"perception of the teacher trainees on the implementation of e-assessment in the selected Teacher Training Colleges in Kenya","authors":"Edwin Kubai","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.174","url":null,"abstract":"The Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC) is currently implementing the integration of technology in conducting assessments to replace the traditional mode of paper and pen. The purpose of this study is to examine the perception of the teacher trainees towards the implementation of e-assessment in the upgrade course of the Diploma in Primary Teacher Education (UDPTE). The study adopted a descriptive research design and was carried out in two (2) public teacher training colleges with a target population of two hundred and forty (240) teacher trainees for the UDPTE programme. All the trainees in the sampled colleges were purposively selected to participate in the study since all of them had participated in the formative e-assessment. An online Teacher Trainees Questionnaire (TTQ) was used to collect information relating to trainees' perception of e-assessment. The reliability coefficient alpha (α) of TTQ was found to be 0.78 from the pilot study making the instrument valid for data collection. The data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics by the use of SPSS software version 26.0. The study findings established that a significant number of teacher trainees were upgrading in Option B as compared to Option A learning areas.  The teacher trainees believed that the best way to finance the Upgrade of Diploma in Primary Teacher Education program (UDPTE) in Kenya was by using bursaries or scholarships and not loans. A significant number of teacher trainees support the adoption of e-assessment but they are of the view that the colleges were not yet prepared due to lack of necessary technological infrastructure. It was further noted that the teacher trainees need more training on basic computer skills in order to improve their typing skills for responses to enhance the complete submission of assessments on the portal in their respective learning areas. The Ministry of Education needs to equip the teacher training colleges with the necessary technological infrastructure and continuously retool tutors on how to integrate technology tools in the assessment procedures.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"80 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}