African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Inhibition of Ralstonia solanacearum by Warburgia ugandensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts obtained using organic solvents","authors":"Oliver Libese Lideke, E. G. Mworia, C. Mwenda","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.172","url":null,"abstract":"Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne bacterial pathogen that poses significant threat to the Solanaceae family and other crops. It causes widespread bacterial wilt, a devastating disease that affects the plant's water transport system, leading to wilting and death. Numerous chemical agents and treatment methods have been employed in attempts to control R. solanacearum, but are ineffective.  The study aimed to determine the in vitro efficacy of W. ugandensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts against R. solanacearum. W. ugandensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts were obtained using organic solvents viz. methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane and hexane. In vitro, antagonistic activities against R. solanacearum of all organic crude extracts of W. ugandensis were determined by standard agar well diffusion assay on Kelman’s 2, 3, 5- triphenyl tetrazolium chloride medium in triplicates. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in the statistical analysis of the mean diameter inhibition zones. All the organic solvents crude extracts of W. ugandensis were inhibitive against R. solanacearum. However, the stem bark crude extracts exhibited significantly higher efficacy against R. solanacearum compared to the leaf crude extracts.  The crude extracts were subjected to a serial dilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). W. ugandensis stem bark dichloromethane crude extracts had the lowest MIC of 1 mg/ml. W. ugandensis stem bark dichloromethane crude extracts were most effective against R. solanacearum. Further research is important to determine the bioactive compounds against R. solanacearum in W. ugandensis stem bark dichloromethane crude extracts.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"75 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140675416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative pedagogy of competence based training in horticulture: case stuy of TVET Education in Kenya","authors":"Peter Masinde, J. Arimi, Beatrice Owiti, Daniel Maitethia, Peter Nawiri, John Wesonga, Bram De Groote, Irene Koomen, Romanus Odhiambo","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.154","url":null,"abstract":"Horticulture is the fastest growing sub-sector in Kenya. It contributes the most towards the envisioned poverty reduction, and overall food security. It is generally a labour-intensive industry with high demand of skilled workers, trained supervisors and professional managers. Most Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training colleges (ATVETs) have a very general focus and there is lack of specialized and competent workforce in horticulture. The training is classroom and institutional centred with limited access to necessary resources and facilities, and limited interactions with industry and world of work. In this project, a consortium of partners worked with selected ATVETs to close the skills gaps using a non-traditional pedagogy of competency based training in horticulture. This was by strengthening the capacity of the ATVETs through a strong collaboration and linkages between the education institutions and the private sector to enable practical learning and innovation in the horticulture sector. The project integrated the curriculum for horticulture, water and climate to suit the needs of the students and the labour market, and tailored it to the local context. Each of the participating colleges invested in hands-on training through dedicated agricultural innovation hubs and creating strong links with the local stakeholders. To compliment curricula developed by the Curriculum Development Assessment and Certificate Council (CDACC), training manuals were developed for selected courses. In addition tutors were trained to enhance their capacity in design, delivery and evaluation of competence based education. Problem based learning in the Kenyan context as well as joint learning sessions between Kenyan and Dutch students were the other non-traditional pedagogy methodologies that were explored. The project increased interactions between the ATVET, industry and partners in horticulture within Kenya and in the Netherlands. The ATVETs created more local partnerships relevant to their training and practical work. The students were the primary beneficiaries through enhanced quality teaching. These benefits have been cascaded to the surrounding communities and the impact is expected to be sustainable. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative awareness on zoonoses between residents at the Human-wildlife Interface Zone and inhabitants of the non-wildlife areas of Meru County, Kenya","authors":"Gervase M'ibui, C. Karani, Ananias N. Nkonge, Edward M. Ireri","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000Introduction: Zoonoses are infections transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans. Persons with low knowledge, exposure to wildlife or domestic animals are at risk of zoonoses. Research, surveillance and response through One Health framework is necessary for prevention. We compared the knowledge on zoonoses between residents at the wildlife-interface of Meru National Park, and non-wildlife areas of Tigania West Sub County, Meru Kenya.\u0000Methods: Data were simultaneously collected using a structured questionnaire in both zones and compared. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data for differences between variables in the two areas.Results: The non-wildlife zone residents of Tigania West Sub-County had statistically significantly better knowledge of zoonoses than their counterparts next to Meru National Park: χ² (1, N=525) =84.965, p< .001.\u0000Conclusion: The scanty knowledge on zoonoses of residents of Igembe Central posed greater risk of zoonoses because their proximity to the wildlife conservancy. Awareness creation through one health strategy is necessary as a deterrent measure.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140672919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Socio-economic factors on utilization of sanitation facilities by women in Mukuru Kwa Reuben informal settlement in Nairobi County","authors":"Teresia Mucia Kariuki, Dorothy Kagendo, Maryjoy Kaimuri","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.175","url":null,"abstract":"Accessing basic sanitation services is still a challenge in slums and sanitation needs of some groups specifically women at times remain unmet. This study assessed the socio-economic factors that influence the utilization of sanitation facilities by women at Mukuru Kwa Reuben, Kenya. The study targeted women aged 18 and above who consented. The Sample size was 395 women at Mukuru Kwa Reuben. Clustered and simple random sampling techniques were utilized to select the study participants. The data collection tools were questionnaires, focus group discussions and observation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for quantitative data analysis. Study findings are presented in tables. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and presented in form of narratives. Results from the analysis showed that majority of the most common sanitation facility at Mukuru kwa Reuben was container based (51.0%). The socioeconomic factors that significantly influenced the utilization of sanitation facilities by women were cultural beliefs (r=-0.613, p=0.000), that had a strong negative association with utilization, education level (r=0.593, p=0.000), had a strong positive association with utilization, and economic status (r=0.466, p=0.000), had a moderate positive association with utilization. This study highlights persistent challenges in slums, particularly for women's access to sanitation. Socio-economic factors significantly influence sanitation facility utilization by women in Mukuru Kwa Reuben, Kenya. There is  need for holistic interventions to address beliefs, education, and economic status for improved sanitation practices.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"bioconversion of faecal and kitchen waste using black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens):","authors":"Jemimah Sibonje, Joy Riungu, Kirimi James","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.163","url":null,"abstract":"Novel technologies to convert faecal waste into valuable nutrients provide a win-win situation in enhancing the closed sanitation loop, and providing safe sanitation. In this study, laboratory-scale experiments were set to examine the applicability of the Black Soldier Fly in bioconversion of organic matter (faecal matter (FM) and kitchen waste (KW) while producing larvae biomass rich in protein and fat compounds. To determine the mass balance process, each of the feed substrates (500g) in triplicate and 3 grams of 6-day-old larvae (844 larvae) were introduced. The larval developmental time to 50% pupation, survival rate (SR), waste reduction rates (WR), prepupal yield, bioconversion rate (BCR), feed conversion rate (FCR), and efficiency of digested feed (ECD) were monitored in triplicate at the end of the experiments for mass balance process. Mass balance determination (triplicate) yielded average prepupal yield of 70.43±0.02g and 56.77±0.01g, with protein content per unit ranging from 32.23% to 41.26% and 20.06% to 37.13% on faecal and kitchen waste respectively. The ECD of 17.63±0.01% and 12.05±0.00%, waste reduction of 79.91% and 92.24% from faecal and kitchen waste respectively were obtained. From the findings, both substrates were palatable as BSFL feeds. The study findings show the potential of using BSF larvae technology to valorise faecal and kitchen waste and produce larval biomass rich in proteins and fats.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of Environmental Sanitation Policy Guidelines on the Use of Sanitation Facilities in Public Primary Schools","authors":"Beth Wanjiku Njoroge, G. Muthuri, Charles Njati Ibuathu","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.152","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need for a healthy and conducive learning environment, safe drinking water, and child-friendly sanitation facilities in the school where children spend a lot of time. The objectives of the study were to establish the use of existing types of sanitation facilities and find out the status of the existing types of sanitation facilities within primary schools concerning Kenya School Health Policy and the Safety Standards Manual for schools. To achieve its objective, the study adopted a descriptive survey design. A sample of 169 schools was selected from the 773 primary schools in Meru County using simple random sampling. Data was collected using a structured direct observation schedule.  Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics including mean and cross-tabulations were used. The study purposively sampled 167 primary school heads with boys and girls populations of 132,180 and 131,712 respectively. Pearson’s Chi-Square test was used to determine relationships between the variables. The study revealed that 75% of the schools visited kept hygiene and had pit latrines with hand washing stations. Through observation, it was evident that 93% of the schools visited had clean environments that were free from litter. The study concluded that ratios for the sample population fell within the WHO guidelines which recommend a ratio of 25:1 for girls and 50:1 for boys’ toilets. It was concluded that in 46.1 % of the sampled primary schools, pupils living with disabilities experienced challenges in accessing sanitation facilities. The study recommended schools come up with clear budget provisions on sanitation that includes employing a staff specifically for cleaning toilets","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on maternal and childhood health services in Meru County, Kenya","authors":"Gervase M'ibui","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.142","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The outbreak of coronavirus put unprecedented burden on healthcare systems, governments and health professionals worldwide. It caused a global crisis of unequalled magnitude on service delivery and accessibility of essential health services. Women and children in poor countries were most affected. In view of the foregoing, it became necessary to examine the effects of COVID -19 outbreak on Maternal Child Health (MCH) in Meru County Kenya, to recommend mitigation strategies and safeguard the gains previously made in MCH indicators.\u0000Methods: Ethical clearance for the study was sought from Meru University of Science and Technology Institute Research Ethics and Review Committee (MIRERC). Data were gathered through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and review of health records in Meru County. A period of one year before and one year after COVID-19 pandemic were compared in the nine sub-counties. Analysis was done using SPSS computer package and statistical tests carried out using 2t test. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to summarize the data.\u0000Results: There were no significant changes in the overall BCG coverage (p=.30), FIC (p=.098), proportion of pregnant adolescents 10-19 years (p=.83), pregnant women attending at least one ANC visit (p=.41) and the number of WRA who received FP commodities (p=.66). Nevertheless, the proportion of women with 4th antenatal care visit and adolescents 10 - 14 years pregnant at the first ANC visit had lower and higher mean scores during the pandemic with significant changes at p=.05 of (p=0.011) and (p=0.003) respectively.\u0000Conclusions: COVID- 19 pandemic did not fundamentally affect MCH services during the first year of the sickness in Meru County. However, the proportion of teenage pregnancies increased significantly, while the proportion of women with 4th antenatal care visit decreased.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"86 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of concentrate supplementation on lactating Dromedary Camels during mating season in Isiolo, Kenya","authors":"Florence K. Thiakunu, B. Njehia, P. Nguhiu, Joshua M. Arimi","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.147","url":null,"abstract":"Camels are resilient and have a high potential to contribute to food security and economic development in arid areas. However, this potential is being limited by diminishing feed resources due to the effects of climate change. Further, there is an upcoming peri-urban camel production system where the animals are limited in their movement. Consequently, camels do not get enough browse forages in terms of biomass and quality to meet their nutritional requirement. This has resulted in decreased production and reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of concentrate supplementation on lactating camels on productive and reproductive performance during mating season. A diet containing 16.80% crude protein (CP) and a digestible energy of 8.44 MJ/Kg was formulated and supplemented in the evenings with a group of ten camels.  Another group of 10 camels acted as the control. Milking was done in the morning and production from each camel was recorded in liters. Percentage milk fat and protein analysis were done weekly using Gerber and Kjeldahl methods respectively. Serum biochemical levels were determined using spectrophotometry in the fourth week. Confirmation of pregnancy was done on the 5th month after mating by chemiluminescent progesterone assay. Camels were then divided into four groups. These were, supplemented pregnant(4) supplemented and not pregnant(6) un-supplemented pregnant(1), and un-supplemented and not pregnant(9).  Paired mean comparisons were done to ascertain differences within the four groups. Mean daily milk production was 25.26±0.42 and 22.79±0.41 liters for supplemented and un-supplemented groups respectively (p<0.001). Paired mean differences were highest between pregnant supplemented and pregnant un-supplemented pair (p=0.165). Biochemical profiles, mean milk protein and fat percentages were significantly higher for supplemented than un-supplemented (p˂0.05).  All supplemented camels were mated within the first two weeks and had a higher conception rate (40%) than un-supplemented (10%). The study recommends concentrate supplementation during mating season to improve fertility and milk production, especially in pregnant camels.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural faecal exposure pathways in a nomadic lifestyle :","authors":"Batula Jaro Burji, Sarah Wandili, G. Muthuri, C. Karani","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.179","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is the cornerstone for health and growth at all stages of life in maintain health and increase in life span. Poor sanitation has led to disease increase in microorganisms such as Escherichia coli. Sanitation is influenced in a community by factors such as perception, behavioral practices such as open defecation and disposal of these waste. This study aimed to identify behavioral faecal exposure pathways in the nomadic community of Turbi ward.\u0000Methods: Mixed method approach using qualitative and quantitative research methods was applied in this study to assess exposure pathways and related behavior among the nomadic community of Turbi ward. Thematic data analysis was used to analyze data generated from behavioural observations. Data was presented using graphs and pie charts.\u0000Results: A total of 100 households were sampled and about 68% (n=100) of population use surface water for domestic. Turbi manyatta had the highest with  30% (n=100), followed by Kambi Nyoka at 16%(n=100) and the least was Shurr manyatta at 2% (n=100). Surface water was the dominant source of water for these community. About 76% (n=100) of the households did not treat their water before use for domestic purposes and due to scarcity of water the community store water in jerricans for more than one week. About 87% of the residents reported not washing hands before milking animals. Open defecation was the predominant method of waste disposal among the five selected Manyattas, accounting for 95% (n= 100). There was significant relationship between practicing open defecation and using surface water without treatment for domestic purpose at p-value 0.032 (95% CI), using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test.\u0000Conclusion: The study revealed that the study community’s behavioral practices exposes them to faecal exposure due to habitual practice of open defecation, throwing waste to the bush, open burning, drinking untreated surface water and not washing hands before milking animals. There is need for advocacy on social behavior change, and strategies on health promotion targeting Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH).","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140672164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Webometrics ranking of Universities: fallacy or reality","authors":"Simon Thuranira, Paul Mutethia Diki","doi":"10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v2i2.213","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the utilization of webometrics as a tool for ranking universities has gained significant traction, purportedly offering a comprehensive assessment of institutions' digital presence and impact. However, amidst its growing popularity, questions arise regarding the validity and applicability of webometrics rankings, particularly concerning universities situated in the global south. This paper critically examines the webometrics ranking system, aiming to discern its strengths and weaknesses while scrutinizing its efficacy in evaluating universities, particularly those in regions with diverse socio-economic contexts and digital infrastructures. The analysis begins by delineating the fundamental principles underlying webometrics rankings, highlighting its reliance on web-based indicators such as web presence, visibility, and transparency. While these metrics ostensibly offer insights into universities' global reach and influence, they also engender methodological complexities and biases. Notably, the dominance of older well-endowed institutions in comparison with younger resource-constrained institutions impeding equitable evaluation. Furthermore, the paper investigates the specific challenges faced by universities in the global south within the webometrics framework. Issues of digital divide, limited internet penetration, and disparities in web accessibility compound the difficulties faced by these institutions in attaining favorable rankings. Moreover, the emphasis on quantitative metrics overlooks qualitative aspects of academic excellence, neglecting factors such as research impact, teaching quality, and societal relevance, which are integral to universities' roles in diverse contexts.Through a critical lens, this paper underscores the fallacies inherent in the uncritical adoption of webometrics rankings as a singular measure of university performance. It advocates for a nuanced approach that acknowledges the contextual nuances and challenges faced by universities, particularly in the global south. By fostering a dialogue on the limitations of webometrics and exploring alternative evaluation methodologies, this research aims to contribute to a more inclusive and equitable framework for assessing higher education institutions in an increasingly digitized world.","PeriodicalId":440319,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences","volume":"99 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}