{"title":"\"But the Child Is Flighty, Playful, Curious\"","authors":"M. Sachs","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450202","url":null,"abstract":"By the end of the nineteenth century, working-class children increasingly fell under adult supervision. Working-class boys, however, retained much autonomy over their leisure time. By examining memoirs and police archives, this article shows that boys’ play often flirted with the criminal or the dangerous. When boys entered the workplace, this reputation for lawless play followed them. Drawing on accident reports, this article demonstrates that employers and republican labor inspectors blamed boys for dangerous workplace accidents by highlighting boys’ playful nature. The article concludes by showing how reformers constructed spaces for boys’ leisure in an attempt to tame and direct their play. I argue that this reckless play became one of the defining characteristics of working-class boyhood both within peer society and to external observers. Regulating boys’ play thus became a way to ensure that they matured seamlessly into worker-citizens.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43603084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sandcastles, Ball Games, and Scooters","authors":"Elvan Şahin","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450203","url":null,"abstract":"By the interwar years, Parisian parks—artificial pockets of nature in the densely built city—had become a locus of debates around “child-friendly play spaces.” The diversity of Paris’s young population in age, gender, and social status meant that the criteria of what constituted “child-friendly” was constantly in flux and that definitions of childhood remained fluid. Interwar Parisian parks became spaces of debate over proper forms of outdoor play and the risks children faced while playing. Municipal administrators and elected municipal councilors, together with pedagogues and parents, mutually constructed the spaces of parks and park-use policies. Children’s presence in public acted both as an incentive and a challenge in creating municipal policies to regulate public spaces or in reconfiguring the organization of these spaces. Municipal council debates, parents’ petitions or complaints, reports filed by neighborhood representatives, and daily logs recorded by park guards all reveal how children’s actions in green spaces played a pivotal role in the making and remaking of the urban environment.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48691023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"Warn the Duke\"","authors":"Paul Miller-Melamed","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450106","url":null,"abstract":"How has the Sarajevo assassination been conjured and construed, narrated\u0000and represented, in a wide variety of media including fiction, film, newspapers, children’s literature, encyclopedias, textbooks, and academic writing itself? In what ways have these sources shaped our understanding of the so-called “first shots of the First World War”? By treating the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (28 June 1914) as a \"site of memory\" à la historian Pierre Nora, this article argues that both popular representations and historical narratives (including academic writing) of the political murder have contributed equally to the creation of what I identify here as the “Sarajevo myth.”","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43644864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dark Night of the Early Modern Soul","authors":"J. Burson","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450102","url":null,"abstract":"During the sixteenth century, Jesuit renovations of medieval Aristotelian conceptions of the soul afforded an important discursive field for René Descartes to craft a notion of the soul as a substance distinct from the body and defined by thought. Cartesianism, however, augmented rather than diminished the skeptical crisis over the soul and the mind–body union. This article explores the work of a Jesuit intellectual, René-Joseph Tournemine, whose attempt to navigate between Malebranche’s Cartesianism and the metaphysics of Leibniz proved influential during the eighteenth century in ways that intersect with the development of Enlightenment biological science. Tournemine’s theologically motivated conjectures about the nature of the mind–body union reinforced an important shift away from considering the soul as a metaphysical substance in favor of seeing it as a pervasive motive force or vital principle animating the human organism.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49399889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"E. Macknight","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450101","url":null,"abstract":"Historical Reflections/Réflexions historiques is dedicated to publishing work across all fields of intellectual-cultural history and the history of religion and mentalities. The five articles brought together in this issue are by historians who specialize in the modern era; their contributions featured here extend in chronological range from the sixteenth century to the twenty-first century. These writings all demonstrate the journal’s longstanding interest in the historical processes by which new ideas are generated, transmitted and received in societies.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43088759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Influence of Thomas Carlyle among Economists in Britain, c. 1880–1920","authors":"Alexander Jordan","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450104","url":null,"abstract":"Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) is commonly remembered as the archnemesis of economics, which he notoriously dubbed “the dismal science.” This article, however, suggests that Carlyle’s ideas in fact had a considerable influence among economists during the decades following his death. Indeed, an array of economists cited Carlyle in criticizing self-interest, laissez-faire, and materialism, in suggesting that economic science ought to accord greater importance to moral and ethical factors, and in urging the “Captains of Industry” and the state to exercise paternal guidance over the working classes. In short, Carlyle’s writings shaped these economists’ understanding, portrayal, and critique of the previous generation of so-called “old” economists, as well as their self-understanding as self-professed “new” economists.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46602073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Chinese in the Initiation of America's Pan-Indianism","authors":"Tao Zhang","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450105","url":null,"abstract":"Despite some scholarly attention, the Native-American–Chinese association is mainly studied from the White perspective. One may get the impression that connections between the two similarly marginalized groups are either imagined or promoted by Whites for their own benefit. But, as a matter of fact, American Indians, joined by their White friends, did initiate associations with the Chinese out of their own racial considerations. One case in point is Pan-Indians’ reference to the Chinese in the process of forging a united and unique identity for the Indian race at the turn of the twentieth century. With those allusions, Native Americans were constructed into a group that was exceptional and progressive, benevolent and cosmopolitan—in short, a group that Whites should accept and respect as fellow Americans. Passively involved in proving Indians’ eligibility for American nationality, the Chinese emerged as racialized but less repugnant than they had been in Whites’ racist depictions. Pan-Indians’ citation of the Chinese thus registers the caution with which they navigated the constraints imposed by American racism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48944844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Law in Theory, Law in Practice","authors":"Danna Agmon","doi":"10.3167/hrrh.2019.450103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450103","url":null,"abstract":"Letters written by early modern missionaries played an important role in the development of global intellectual networks and inquiry into religion, language, cartography, and science. But the historical ethnography of law has not recognized the role that Jesuits played in creating the field of comparative law. This article examines the writings on law in India by the French Jesuit Jean-Venant Bouchet, who was an important source for Enlightenment philosophes and later Orientalists. It considers Bouchet’s systemic accounts of Indian law alongside his more ethnographic description of his legal encounters in South India, and argues that the practice of conversion and experiences in local legal fora determined and shaped Bouchet’s interpretation of Indian law. In other words, legal scholarship was produced in spiritual, religious, and political contexts, and cannot be abstracted from them.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/hrrh.2019.450103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49082231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Miserable, Mythical, Magical Marmiton","authors":"Michael D. Garval","doi":"10.3167/HRRH.2018.440306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/HRRH.2018.440306","url":null,"abstract":"Revealing paradoxes abounded in early Third Republic French representations\u0000of the marmiton, or culinary apprentice. Investigative reportage and reformist discourse exposed\u0000apprentices’ miserable existence while still depicting these young fellows as playful\u0000and carefree. Conversely, popular marmiton mythology, particularly in children’s literature,\u0000idealized culinary apprenticeship, amid glimpses of harsh living and working conditions,\u0000while also highlighting admittedly rare opportunities for ambitious apprentices to achieve\u0000substantial public success. Max Jacob’s children’s book Histoire du Roi Kaboul Ier et du\u0000Marmiton Gauwain provides an emblematic example with its parodic fairy-tale rendering\u0000of celebrity chef Auguste Escoffier’s extraordinary triumphs. Ultimately, while enchanting,\u0000the rosy popular vision of the magical marmiton obfuscated exploitative child labor practices\u0000underpinning the whole culinary enterprise in this supposed golden age of French\u0000gastronomy.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45556539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Battle of the Mountains","authors":"C. Haynes","doi":"10.3167/HRRH.2018.440304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/HRRH.2018.440304","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the Second Restoration, Paris was swept by a mania for\u0000roller coasters, which were dubbed montagnes russes after a Russian tradition of sledding\u0000on ice hills. Situating this phenomenon in the context of the military occupation of France\u0000following the defeat of Napoleon, this article analyzes one of the many plays featuring\u0000these “mountains,” Le Combat des montagnes (“The Battle of the Mountains”), and especially\u0000two of its main characters, La Folie (Folly) and Calicot (Calico Salesman). The “battle” over\u0000the roller coasters, it argues, was really a contest over how to redefine national identity\u0000around consumer culture rather than military glory. Through the lens of the montagnes\u0000russes, the article offers a new perspective on the early Restoration as an aftermath of war.","PeriodicalId":43992,"journal":{"name":"HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/HRRH.2018.440304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47880267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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