Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow最新文献

{"title":"ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ЛЕДНИКА ЧАЛААТИ (ГРУЗИНСКИЙ КАВКАЗ) С МАЛОГО ЛЕДНИКОВОГО ПЕРИОДА ПО ДАННЫМ КОСМОГЕННЫХ ИЗОТОПОВ (10BE) И ДЕНДРОХРОНОЛОГИИ","authors":"Л.Г. Тиелидзе, Ольга Николаевна Соломина, В. Джомелли, Евгения Андреевна Долгова, И. С. Бушуева, В. Н. Михаленко, Р. Брошэ, Команда Астер","doi":"10.31857/s2076673420030052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2076673420030052","url":null,"abstract":"Glacier variations over the past centuries are still poorly documented on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. In this paper, the change of Chalaati Glacier in the Georgian Caucasus from its maximum extent during the Little Ice Age has been studied. For the first time in the history of glaciological studies of the Georgian Caucasus, 10 Be in situ Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) dating was applied. The age of moraines was determined by tree-ring analysis. Lichenometry was also used as a supplementary tool to determine the relative ages of glacial landforms. In addition, the large-scale topographical maps (1887, 1960) were used along with the satellite imagery – Corona, Landsat 5 TM, and Sentinel 2B. Repeated photographs were used to identify the glacier extent in the late XIX and early XX centuries. 10 Be CRE ages from the oldest lateral moraine of the Chalaati Glacier suggest that the onset of the Little Ice Age occurred ~0.73±0.04 kyr ago (CE ~1250–1330), while the dendrochronology and lichenometry measurements show that the Chalaati Glacier reached its secondary maximum extent again about CE ~1810. From that time through 2018 the glacier area decreased from 14.9±1.5 km 2 to 9.9±0.5 km 2 (33.8±7.4% or ~0.16% yr −1 ), while its length retreated by ~2280 m. The retreat rate was uneven: it peaked between 1940 and 1971 (~22.9 m yr −1 ), while the rate was slowest in 1910– 1930 (~4.0 m yr −1 ). The terminus elevation rose from ~1620 m to ~1980 m above sea level in ~1810–2018.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"60 1","pages":"453-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69748702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ИЗОТОПНАЯ ИНДИКАЦИЯ ИСТОЧНИКА ВОДЫ ДЛЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ЛЕДОМИНЕРАЛЬНОГО ЯДРА ТОРФЯНЫХ МИГРАЦИОННЫХ БУГРОВ ПУЧЕНИЯ","authors":"Ю. Н. Чижова, Ю.К. Васильчук","doi":"10.31857/s2076673420030047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2076673420030047","url":null,"abstract":"Isotopic characteristics of ice cores of peat mounds (palsa) are considered. The distribution of the values of δ18O, δ2H, dexc and ratios δ18O–δ2H within the palza ice lense is associated with freezing in a closed or open system, and this allows finding the source of water for the ice formation. The use of computational modeling of the distribution of the values of δ18О and δ2Н during the ice formation in a closed system and the selection of the calculated parameters, performed in such a way that the actual values in the ice are described, show the initial isotopic characteristics of the moisture from which the ice was formed. The subject of investigation is the isotopic composition of segregated ice in the upper part of the ice core of a palsa near the Yeletsky settlement. Ice samples were obtained by drilling with a hand-held electric drill. In its upper part, the core is composed of frozen peat and loam. The source of water for the formation of segregated ice from this palsa was the atmospheric moisture with isotopic characteristics equal, on average, to: δ2Н = −106.7, δ18О = −15.3 and dexc = 15.7 ‰. These values correspond to the current atmospheric precipitation in the vicinity of the Amderma settlement. The water of the nearest bog did not serve as a source of water for the ice formation. The same conclusion, fully confirmed by the application of the calculated approach, was obtained for the hummocky massif of the Yukon (Canada). The calculation did show that the water from which the ice of the Canadian palsa was formed was a mixture of local atmospheric precipitation (80%) and the boggy waters of the peat plateau (20%). The presence of the last water is a possible indication to re-formation of mounds, when evaporated water from bog could participate in ice core formation.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82595314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of ocean heat transport in the Barents Sea on the regional sea ice and the atmospheric static stability","authors":"M. Akperov, V. Semenov, I. Mokhov, M. A. Dembitskaya, D. Bokuchava, A. Rinke, W. Dorn","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-417","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of the oceanic heat inflow into the Barents Sea on the sea ice concentration and atmospheric characteristics, including the atmospheric static stability during winter months, is investigated on the basis of the results of ensemble simulations with the regional climate model HIRHAM/NAOSIM for the Arctic. The static stability of the atmosphere is the important indicator of the spatial and temporal variability of polar mesocyclones in the Arctic region. The results of the HIRHAM/NAOSIM regional climate model ensemble simulations (RCM) for the period from 1979 to 2016 were used for the analysis. The initial and lateral boundary conditions for RCM in the atmosphere were set in accordance with the ERA-Interim reanalysis data. An analysis of 10 ensemble simulations with identical boundary conditions and the same radiation forcing for the Arctic was performed. Various realizations of ensemble simulations with RCM were obtained by changing the initial conditions for integrating the oceanic block of the model. Different realizations of ensemble simulations with RCM are obtained by changing the initial conditions of the model oceanic block integration. The composites method was used for the analysis, i.e. the difference between the mean values for years with the maximum and minimum inflow of oceanic water into the Barents Sea. The statistical significance of the results (at a significance level of p < 0.05) was estimated using Student's t-test. In general, the regional climate model reproduces the seasonal changes in the inflow of the oceanic water and heat into the Barents Sea reasonably well. There is a strong relationship between the changes in the oceanic water and ocean heat inflow, sea ice concentration, and surface air temperature in the Barents Sea. Herewith, the increase in the oceanic water inflow into the Barents Sea in winter leads to a decrease in static stability, which contributes to changes in regional cyclonic activity. The decrease of the static stability is most pronounced in the southern part of the Barents Sea and also to the west of Svalbard.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66932002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of the dynamics of the Hansbreen tidal glacier (Svalbard) based on the stochastic model","authors":"A. Kislov, A. Glazovsky","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-441","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamics of the Hansbreen tidal glacier (Svalbard) is manifested at different time scales. In addition to the long-term trend, there are noticeable inter-annual fluctuations. And the last ones are precisely the subject of this work. Based on general conclusions of the theory of temporal dynamics of the massive inertial objects, the observed inter-annual changes in the length of the glacier can be explained as a result of the accumulation of anomalies of the heat fluxes and water flows. In spite the fact that the initial model of glacier dynamics is deterministically based on the physical law of conservation of ice mass (the so-called the «minimal model» was used), the model of length change is interpreted as stochastic. From this standpoint, it is the Langevin equation, which includes the effect of random temperature anomalies that can be interpreted as a white noise. From a mathematical point of view, this process is analogous to Brownian motion, i.e. the length of the Hansbreen glacier randomly fluctuates in the vicinity of its stable equilibrium position. Based on the Langevin equation, we passed to the Fokker–Planck equation, the solution of which allowed us to obtain the distribution function of the probabilities of interannual fluctuations of glacier length, which is close to the normal law. It was shown that the possible range of the variability covers the observed interval of the length fluctuations. The pdf is close to normal distribution.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66932653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods of snow avalanche nourishment assessment (on the example of three Tian Shan glaciers)","authors":"A. Turchaninova, A. Lazarev, E. Marchenko, Y. Seliverstov, S. Sokratov, D. Petrakov, M. Barandun, R. Kenzhebaev, T. Saks","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-438","url":null,"abstract":"The contribution of snow avalanches to the seasonal snow accumulation on a glacier is among the least studied components of the glacier’s mass balance. The methods for the numerical assessment of avalanche accumulation are still under development, which is related to poor avalanche data availability and difficulties in obtaining such data on most of mountain glaciers. We propose a possible methodology for the numerical assessment of snow avalanche contribution to snow accumulation at mountain glaciers based on DEM and weather data analysis using GIS and numerical modeling of snow avalanches. The developed methodology consists of the following steps: terrain analysis; weather data analysis; snow avalanche volume assessment during an analyzed balance year; numerical simulation of snow avalanches using RAMMS; evaluation of snow avalanches contribution into a glacier accumulation. The proposed methodology was tested on three glaciers located in the Inner Tien Shan: Batysh Sook, № 354 and Karabatkak during the 2015/16 balance year. To evaluate snow avalanche contribution to the seasonal accumulation, we reconstructed avalanche release zones that were most probably active during the 2015/16 balance year and corresponding snow fracture height in each of these zones. The numerical simulations of most probable released snow avalanches during the winter period 2015/16 using avalanche dynamics software RAMMS were performed and compared with the field observations and UAV orthophoto image from July 2016. The outlines of avalanches deposits were realistically reproduced by RAMMS according to the results of field observation. The estimated share of snow avalanche contribution to the accumulation on the research glaciers during the 2015/16 balance year turned out to be: Batysh Sook – 7,4±2,5%; № 354 – 2,2±0,7%; Karabatkak – 10,8±3,6% of the total accumulation. The next step would be to test the proposed methodology based on the data and regional dependences from the Inner Tien Shan in other mountainous regions. This methodology is applicable in the regions where DEMs, regular meteorological observations as well as data on the regional avalanche formation factors are available.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85023677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and formation of ice-ground veins of the second lake-alluvial terrace in the North of Gydan in the late Neopleistocene–Holocene","authors":"Ya. V. Tikhonravova, A. V. Lupachev, E. Slagoda, V. Rogov, A. Kuznetsova, V. Butakov, G. Simonova, N. Taratunina, D. Mullanurov","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-367","url":null,"abstract":"The syngenetic ice and ice-ground composite veins in khasyrey (alas) and interalas plateaus were studied on the second lake-alluvial terrace located in the North of the Gydan Peninsula near the village of Gyda. On the basis of the radiocarbon dating, the time of formation of deposits containing veins from was established – from 16 640 to 854 BP. The peat deposits are mainly represented by the following species: Carex sp., Eriophorum  sp., Betula nana, Equisetum  sp., Calamagrostis  sp., Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Drepanocladus  sp., Empetrum sp., Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus arcticus, Petasites sp. It is established that the polygonal-veined ice of khasyrey and interalas plateaus, except for vertical-striped «clean» ice, contain areas with vertical wavy streaks of ice-ground. Ice of elementary veins and segregation ice were revealed in the composition of veins according to structural and textural features in polarized light. Elementary ice veins compose «clean» ice sections of veins and segregation ice which are their ice-ground sections. Elementary veins are indicative of the predominance of the process of frost cracking during the formation of polygonal-vein ices. The presence of inclusions of ice-ground in the structure of veins points is evidence of a manifestation of local thermokarst processes under the growth of polygonal-vein ice. Ice-ground veins were formed by repeated thawing of the initial ice veins. The formation of ice-ground veins during syngenetic freezing of sediments of the second lake-alluvial terrace is related to uneven manifestation of thermokarst in different facies situations and and climate changes at the Early Pleistocene and Holocene.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of meteorological conditions on the formation of ice regime of the Lake Onega","authors":"V. Baklagin","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-413","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of the ice regime on large lakes is mostly determined by the complex meteorological processes occurring over the water area. Previous studies of the air temperature influence on the ice regime formation on the Lake Onega were based on observational data on the state of the ice cover in the Petrozavodsk Bay, as well as the materials of the rare missions of aerial reconnaissance performed in the second half of the XX century. So, it was necessary to revise the previously established dependencies using the present-day satellite data for 2000-2018, and to determine the nature of influence of other meteorological factors, among which a thickness of the snow cover on the Lake area. The authors obtained regularities of changes in the characteristic dates (complete freeze-up – ±5 days/°C and final clearing of ice – ±3 days/°C) of the ice regime on the Lake Onega, depending on changes in the average air temperature that preceded these dates (autumn and spring) for the period of two months. The regression equations to calculate these dates on the basis of the previous three and four-month periods from the data of 2000-2018 are also given. Relative to the above mentioned results for the previous period, a certain shift by a month ahead of twoand threeperiod exerting influence on the date of the complete freezeup is noted. Dependencies to calculate the cumulative daily temperatures for the period of the ice regime formation (the beginning of the formation of ice phenomena, complete freeze-up phase, the beginning of the breakup phase, clearing of the ice) were also deduced. Together with the data on the expected air temperature over the Lake these dates provide a potential possibility to estimate (predict) the characteristic dates of the ice regime. The significant influence of the average snow cover thickness on the process of destruction of the ice cover was shown, and the nature of the statistical relationship (along with the air temperature) was also determined.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"59 1","pages":"546-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49320686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollution of the snow surface with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the formation of frost","authors":"M. Tentyukov, D. N. Gabov, D. Simonenkov, E. Yazikov","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-405","url":null,"abstract":"When analyzing chemical compositions of snow the high variability of content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow cover between snowfalls is observed. Researchers explain this by concentrating of snow. However, another mechanism of atmospheric contamination of the snow cover surface is possible. It may be a precipitation of fine crystals of PAHs from the atmosphere in the composition of cryohydrates, which can form aerogenic anomalies on the snow surface at formation of hoarfrost. The process starts in the atmosphere during the interaction of finely dispersed crystals of PAHs with cloud supercooled drops. This results in the cryogenic concentration of solid particles of PAHs by way of formation of solid eutectic mixture – cryohydrates, which are a two-phase system consisting of a fine mixture of crystals of solid particles and ice. Evidence of their manifestation is the presence of the Forel hatching on the surface of the facets of the hoarfrost crystals appearing due to the different optical density of alternating zones, which consist of interpenetrating domains of crystallized solid aerosols and ice. At the same time, due to the presence of temperature inversion over the snow cover and its drying effect on the near-snow layer of air, a stable mass transport of water vapor down to the snow cover is formed, which can initiate the flow of fine cryohydrates from the PAHs. Therefore, the growth of atmospheric ice crystals, begun in the surface atmosphere, continues on the snow surface during formation of hoarfrost, thus creating a special nano-relief of snow cover. The paper presents the results of observations of changes in the concentration of individual PAHs in the upper 18 mm layer of snow at accumulation of the surface hoarfrost during a long period between snowfalls. Some micro-morphological features of the forms of skeletal rime micro-crystals are shown, with which an increase in the nano-roughness of the snow surface is associated, as well as the manifestation of the signal of the aerogenic PAH anomaly on the snow surface. Since the conditions for the formation of surface hoarfrost occur more often than for snowfalls, the hoarfrost may be an informative object of testing when detecting hydrocarbon contamination of snow cover during the intervals between snowfalls.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83891847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the possibility to restore the climatic signal in the disturbed record of stable water isotope content in the old (0.4–1.2 Ma) Vostok ice (Central Antarctica)","authors":"A. Ekaykin, V. Lipenkov, A. Veres, A. Kozachek, A. Skakun","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-463","url":null,"abstract":"О возможности реконструкции климатического сигнала в нарушенной записи изотопного состава древнего льда (0,4–1,2 млн лет назад) в керне станции Восток (Центральная Антарктида) © 2019 г. А.А. Екайкин1,2*, В.Я. Липенков1, А.Н. Верес1,2, А.В. Козачек1, А.А. Скакун1,3 1Арктический и Антарктический научноисследовательский институт, СанктПетербург, Россия; 2Институт наук о Земле, СанктПетербургский государственный университет, СанктПетербург, Россия; 3Центральная астрономическая (Пулковская) обсерватория, СанктПетербург, Россия *ekaykin@aari.ru","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66932711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rock glaciers in the Ulakhan-Chistay ridge (axial part of the Chersky mountain range)","authors":"V. M. Lytkin, K. Bazhin, V. Kunitsky","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-4-435","url":null,"abstract":"The Ulakhan-Chistay Ridge is interesting by the fact that one of the most extensive mountain glaciations in northeast Russia is located here. In addition, there are widespread specific glacial-cryogenic formations  – stone glaciers related to glacial and periglacial processes. On the basis of geoinformation mapping on evidence of remote sensing of the Earth and field investigations within boundaries of the Ridge, 1812 stone glaciers of different morphological types in relation to the enclosing relief were found, among them 111 circus (corrie) and 1701 niche ones. In the group of corrie glaciers, the dominating units are the active forms (76). Some of them are distinctive in the complex structure with different age generations. Among the niche glaciers 948 active, 545 inactive, and 208 relict ones were determined. The analysis of frequency distributions has allowed establishing that the stone glaciers of the studied area are located within the interval of heights 550-2450 m above the sea level. However, the main part of the active formations are positioned at heights of 1500–1900 m. Field observations of stone glaciers were carried out in the upper part of the Kyureter River area that is on the eastern slope of the Ridge. Investigations did show that thicknesses of glaciers at the key area (site) did not exceed 50 m, and they probably consist of several coalesced lobes. Thus, they form polylobate stone glaciers which width may reach 610 m or more with the lobes extending for up to 340 m.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79546928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}