Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow最新文献

{"title":"Особенности изменений ледника Колка с 2002 по 2016 г.","authors":"Г. А. Носенко, О. В. Рототаева, Н. А. Никитин","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-4-468-482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-4-468-482","url":null,"abstract":"The process of filling the bed with ice with steep lateral tributaries, which lost support, began almost immediately after the catastrophe on the Kolka Glacier in 2002. Currently, three streams of ice have closed in the rear zone of the circus, forming a single ice massif on the bed. The dimensions of the glacier vary under the influence of both new conditions for the accumulation and melting of ice, and the features of the dynamics of the ice masses filling the vacated bed. This paper describes the next stage of the state of the new Kolka glacier – relative stabilization – and analyzes the features of the process of its recovery based on ground‑based observations, modern space imag‑ ery materials, and calculations of changes in summer air temperatures and winter precipitation in the glacier area at the beginning of the 21st century. In recent years, the rate of increase in the area of the glacier does not exceed 0.015 km2 per year. By September 2016, its area reached 1.11 km2, the volume – about 0.044 km3. The conditions for the formation of a new glacier on the empty bottom of the circus differ significantly from the previous ones – when Kolka was restored in the 1970s after a pulsation. In addition to the background increase in summer tem‑ peratures, the thermal balance in the circus has changed due to an increase in the area of the open surface of the bed and lateral moraine, which increases the melting of ice. At the same time, the growth of the moraine cover on the glacier restrains the melting process. Rockfalls and avalanches enrich the glacier with detrital material with greater intensity than in the 1970s. The conditions of accumulation also changed – the volume of food supplied from the hanging glaciers decreased from the previous 31% to 17%. Fumarolic activity in the crown area of the starboard side of the circus is preserved and this prevents the restoration of these glaciers.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"468-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48303892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Инвентаризация ледников Восточного Саяна по материалам космических съёмок","authors":"Э. Ю. Осипов, Ольга Петровна Осипова, Е. В. Клевцов","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-4-483-497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-4-483-497","url":null,"abstract":"Small glaciers (areas smaller 1 km2) are the most numerous in most mountainous and glacial regions of the Earth, but their responses to the present‑day climate change are still to be investigated. The paper presents results of the new inventory of small inter‑continental glaciers located in the Eastern Sayan (South of Eastern Siberia). The previous (1950) glacier inventory was made from data of aerial photography carried out in the middle of the 20th century (USSR Glacier Inventory, КЛ 1950). A more complete inventory of the East Sayan glaciers for the state of 2000 (КЛ 2000) had been performed using the multichannel space images (Landsat Enhanced The‑ matic Mapper (ETM+) of 2000 and 2001, and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). In addition, some glaciers from the Inventory KL 1950 were re‑mapped on the basis of the Land‑ sat images (TM, ETM+, 1986‑2011) for years 1950, 1990 and 2010. The glacier outlines, determined on the test site from images of medium (Landsat) and high (World View‑1) satellite resolution, were compared that con‑ firmed that errors of mapping of small glaciers did not exceed 15%. The KL 2000 contains data on 172 glaciers with a total area of 16.6±1.9 km2. Glacier sizes are from 0.02 to 1.37 km2. For 1950–2000, the total area of the East Sayan glaciers had decreased by 59% (0.40% per a year). In 1990–2000, the glaciers decreased the most rapidly (by an order of magnitude faster as compared to the period of 1950–1990.). In 2000–2010, the area of glaciation slightly increased (by 4%) owing to formation of very small glaciers (area smaller 0.5 km2). On the whole, changes in glacier areas in the years 1950–2010 are in the good agreement with changes in amounts of winter precipita‑ tion and summer temperatures. In addition to regional climatic factors, there are also some local factors related to the topography and microclimate of individual glaciers which do also influence on the dynamics of small glaciers.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"483-497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66929271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Особенности распределения снежного покрова на побережье озера Байкал","authors":"Н. Н. Воропай, В. К. Власов","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-355-364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-355-364","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results of studies of the dynamics of snow cover characteristics along the Lake Baikal coast for the years 1961–2009. Statistical characteristics of the following elements: snow depth, duration of the period with snow cover, dates of onset and destruction of snow cover, were calculated from data of local meteorological stations. Mean annual snow depth in the region varies from 1 to 36 cm, while the maximal ten-day values changes from 12 cm on the West coast up to 60–86 cm on the East coast. Mean duration of the snow cover in the Baikal region is 138 days, while on the East coast it lasts for 178 days, and on the West one – for 126 days. Long-term trends of the snow cover characteristics are mostly statistically insignificant. However, at the end of the above period dates of the snow cover onset and destruction has been shifted to earlier dates. The inter-annual variability of these dates reaches 30 days. A linear dependence of the snow cover depth on the mean air temperature and the precipitation amount for the cold season was revealed with correlation coefficients from 0.31 to 0.89.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"355-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66928720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Снежный покров на Лагонакском нагорье (Западный Кавказ)","authors":"Юрий Вячеславович Ефремов, А. В. Зимницкий","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-365-372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-365-372","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents characteristics of a snow cover observed on the Lagonaky high plateau (the Western Caucasus) in the interfluve of the rivers Belaya and Pshekha along two snow-measuring courses. The period of observations is 1973–2015, and the altitude interval is 460–2020 m. The characteristics measured are the following: depths of snow cover, the snow density, and temperature of different snow layers in the test pits. The stratigraphy of the snow thickness is described. In different years, observations did show changes in the depths which felt within a wide range of values from a few centimeters up to 5–6 m at the same points. The observations allowed determination of dates of snow appearance (setting-up of snow cover) as well as the disappearance in different parts of the Lagonaky high plateau. Durations of the snow cover in different altitudinal belts were also determined. By the end of March the snow cover disappears to altitudes of 700 m, and after 20th of April the slopes become free of snow to 1000 m. The snow cover duration in the low-altitude zone (500–1000 m) is 70–80 days, while in the middle altitudes (1,000–1,500 m) it is 130 days. In the highlands (above 2000 m), the snow cover lasts for 215 days. It must be emphasized that during the last five years the duration of snow cover has changed significantly. Materials of snow surveys showed that snow depths and water contents (water equivalents of snow cover) significantly differ from year to year. In seasons 1975/76, 1978/79, 19861/87, 1989/90 the winters were extremely snowy, while winters in 1976/77, 1979/80, 1983/84, 1990/91, 2013–2015 had small amount of snow. According to data of distant snow-measuring sticks, the maximum values of the snow depth (610 cm) have been recorded in March of 1976 near the tourist shelter Fisht (1596 м). Significant changes in the distribution of snow cover in recent years were probably related to the global climate changes.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"365-372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66929054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"История Cкандинавского ледникового покрова и окружающих ландшафтов в валдайскую ледниковую эпоху и начале голоцена","authors":"А. А. Величко, М. А. Фаустова, В. В. Писарева, Н. В. Карпухина","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-391-416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-391-416","url":null,"abstract":"The reconstruction of natural environments associated with the development and degradation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet from the Mikulino Interglacial period to the Holocene is presented in this paper. A diagram showing the change of vegetation in the periglacial zone of the Ice Sheet during the last 130 ka had been constructed from the results of studying the key sections with glacial and interstadial deposits in North-Western areas of the East European plain. In addition, paleolandscape maps (glacier, vegetation, periglacial basins) were composed for Fennoscandia and adjacent areas for the following time periods: the Last Glacial Maximum (time of maximum cold or a minimum of heat provision), the Late Glacial time (optimum of the Allerod interstadial, the maximal cooling and the ice advance of the Late Dryas), and the Early Holocene (the Preboreal). The maps for the Late Glacial time show the most dramatic changes of the main components of paleolandscape associated with positions of the ice margin and the nature of the proglacial drainage. Changes in the glacial structures of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the growth of the warming were happening faster, mainly due to local factors (topography of the glacier bed, tectonics, and glacioisostatic and glacioeustatic movements). In the vegetation of the periglacial zone, the composition of flora throughout the late Pleistocene remained unchanged, although structures of the plant communities varied. This vegetation consisted of a mix of forest, tundra and steppe complexes adapted to the sharply continental climate conditions. Transition from the Late Dryas to the Early Holocene was found everywhere in the changes of the plant communities, that could be considered as the initial stage of formation of the present-day latitudinal zonation.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"391-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49398300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Влияние Атлантики на потепление и сокращение морского ледяного покрова в Арктике","authors":"Г. В. Алексеев, С. И. Кузмина, Н. И. Глок, А. Е. Вязилова, Н. Е. Иванов, Андрей Владимирович Смирнов","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-381-390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-381-390","url":null,"abstract":"Influence of anomalies of the sea surface temperature (SST) in low latitudes of the North Atlantic on the sea ice cover and the near-surface air temperature in the marine Arctic is discussed in the article. Data on the SST in the Atlantic Ocean from the HadISST dataset, climatic series of the water temperature at the section along the Kola meridian together with mean monthly data on the sea ice extent and the air surface temperature in the Maritime Arctic and the Northern hemisphere were analyzed. Multivariate cross-correlation analysis was applied to determine the maximum correlation coefficients between the SST anomalies, climate characteristics and their corresponding delays within time limits of 33 to 38 months. Existence of intimate link had been found between changes of the Atlantic SST in low latitudes and the sea ice extent in the Arctic with correlation coefficients up to 0.90 and delays up to 3 years. A mechanism of formation of the remote influence of low-latitude SST anomalies on the sea ice anomalies in the Arctic Ocean is proposed. The interpretation of this mechanism includes into consideration the interaction between atmospheric and oceanic circulation modes.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"381-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48010548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Пространственное распределение снежного покрова и поле температур в верхнем слое политермического ледника","authors":"Т. В. Вшивцева, Р. А. Чернов","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-373-380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-373-380","url":null,"abstract":"The thermal regime of the upper layers of any glacier largely determines the thermal structure of its entire thickness. Its formation is influenced by both, external and internal factors and the most important one among them is the snow cover. Playing the role of a heat insulator in winter and preventing the ablation of ice in summer, the snow cover mainly determines the winter storage of cold in the ice, and the temperature at the bottom of the active layer. In 2011–2015, the close relationship between the thickness of snow and temperatures in the upper horizons of ice had been found in the course of researches carried out on the glacier East Gronfjord (Svalbard). Comparison of snow measurement survey data, obtained for different years of the period under investigation, did show that, in every year, the maximum snow accumulation took place within the left branch of the glacier, while the snow thickness within the right branch was comparable to that on the glacier tongue. Thus, observed differences in the snow accumulation cause differences in the temperature structure of the upper layers of the ice. Inter-annual variations of the snow cover thickness indicate that conditions of freezing remain stable over the greater part of the glacier. Only in the upper reaches of the glacier left branch the great snow accumulation creates conditions unfavorable for freezing. This part of the glacier is more inert to changes in climate, and due to that a wide area of warm ice still remains at the bottom of the glacier.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"373-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66929118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Определение снегозапасов Западной Сибири по расчётам на модели локального тепловлагообмена SPONSOR с использованием данных реанализа","authors":"Д.В. Турков, В. С. Сократов, Д. Б. Титкова","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-343-354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-343-354","url":null,"abstract":"Obtaining of reliable information about the characteristics of snow cover with high spatial and temporal resolution for large areas of Northern Eurasia, with rare or absent network of ground-based observations stations is an important and urgent task. Currently estimation of the value of the snow water equivalent (SWE) and the snow depth have a large degree of uncertainty, especially if we are moving from data at the point of observation stations to distributed space values. In this article, the simulations of SWE and the snow depth using Land-Surface Model (LSM) SPONSOR with input meteorological data taken from the ECMWF ERAInterim reanalysis was performed for Western Siberia for the period from 1979 to 2013. Fields of SWE and of the snow depth with high spatial and temporal resolution corresponding to the resolution of meteorological data of the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis (time step of 6 hours, the grid resolution of 0.75° × 0.75° in latitude and longitude) were obtained. For the entire period SWE data were compared with observations, as simulated using the model and taken directly from the reanalysis ERA-Interim at points corresponding of observation stations. Also comparison of observations and satellite data of SWE for points of observation stations was performed. Correlation coefficients between observations and model and satellite data for SWE and the snow depth were calculated for the period from 1979 to 2013. These correlation coefficients between observations and results of simulations using LSM SPONSOR for SWE, and especially for the snow depth are the best of all methods. Maps with high spatial resolution for SWE, obtained by different methods, were constructed for February averaged. Comparing of constructed maps shows significant uncertainty of the SWE fields, besides field’s distortions are not evenly distributed across the region. It appears that no one of these methods currently can be used as a reference (unique) to determine SWE in the absence of data of ground-based observations. Overall, model simulations using LSM SPONSOR somewhat overstate SWE, however, this overestimation is not more than 10–20% for most part of the territory, except in the South. Model data are reasonably well reproduce SWE for Central, Eastern and, most probably, for Northern parts of the region, differing from a real at 10–15%. Data from used satellite archive a few underestimate of SWE. SWE data taken directly from the reanalysis ERA-Interim, give large distortions of the SWE field: these values for Northern parts of the region, are likely greatly underestimated, and for Western and Eastern parts of the region – inflated. It is shown that in general, the method of simulation of snow cover characteristics using LSM SPONSOR with input data taken from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis gives good results for the region of Western Siberia.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"35 1","pages":"343-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66928667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Новейшие данные об оледенении северного склона массива Таван-Богдо-Ола (Алтай)","authors":"Д. А. Ганюшкин, Кирилл Валентинович Чистяков, И. В. Волков, Д. В. Банцев, Е. П. Кунаева, Наталья Федоровна Харламова","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-307-325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-307-325","url":null,"abstract":"As of 2015, 16 glaciers, their total area 23.46 km2 and the weighted-mean altitude of the firn line 3335 m, were isolated on the Northern slope of the of the Tavan-Bogdo-Ola massif (Altai) on the basis of field studies and analysis of satellite images (Landsat-7, SPOT-5, Geoeye-1, CARTOSAT-1). The differences in elevation of the firn lines on the West and East of the investigated area reach 460 m, while the intensity of glaciation differs in 2 times due to changes of annual precipitation from 360 mm in the East to 880 mm in the West. Data on the glaciation had been improved and complemented for three time sections: 1962, 2001, and 2009. Since 1962, areas of the glaciers decreased by 24.3%. The largest rates of the glacial area decreasing took place in 2001–2009. Degradation of the upper parts of the glaciers and uncovered ice-dividing rocks played the major role in the process of retreating. In 2009–2015, the intensity of shortening of the glaciers decreased, and the degradation of their upper parts stopped. In 2000–2009, mainly small glaciers degraded. After 2009, small glaciers have slowed the decline with simultaneous increase of retreating of tongues of the valley glaciers. Abrupt (280 m) shortening of tongue was observed on the glacier Argamdgi-2-Western. This behavior of glacier could be caused by different rate of response to the dramatic warming within the period 1985–2000 and climate stabilization after 2000. If the climatic trends of the last 15 years will be the same in the coming years, we should expect continued rapid retreat of the tongues of the two largest glaciers of this massif along with the further slowdown of the retreat of small glaciers.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"307-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66928436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Изменения ледника Абрамова (Алайский хребет) c 1850 по 2014 г.","authors":"А. Н. Мандычев, Р. А. Усубалиев, Э.А. Азисов","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-326-333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-3-326-333","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and rate of changes of the Abramov glacier over the period from 1850 to 2014. The glacier is located on the Alay Ridge in Kyrgyzstan. Its borders were estimated by means of interpretation and analysis of space images from the satellites Landsat-2, 5, 7, 8, KH-4А and KH-9 (program Corona), Geoеye-1 together with aerial photographs and topographical maps, and with addition of results of the field survey of the glacier’s tongue by GPS instruments. As a result, we could find that the longstanding degradation of the glacier continued over the whole period under investigation, and against the background of that there were periods of relative stabilization of the front of the tongue as well as the periods of the glacier advances of different duration and intensity. In 1850, the total area of the glacier accounted for 26.4 km2, but by 2014 it reduced by 3.65 km2, or 13.8%, and became equal to 22.75 km2. Thus, annual reduction of the glacier area was equal approximately to 0.02 km2 per a year, and its length decreased by almost 2950 m, i.e., the glacier contracted, on the average, by 18 m per a year. It should be noted that changes of the glacier area were similar during both the initial and final periods of observations, and it means that no intensification of anthropogenic impact upon the glacier was observed. Obviously, this fact is indicative of the prevalence of natural factors in the change of the glacier, expressed in irregular duration of cyclic changes.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"57 1","pages":"326-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66928489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}