Economics & Law最新文献

{"title":"PROFIT (CORPORATE) TAX PARTICIPATION İN THE TAX SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"Faton Shabani","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Taxes are treated as involuntary payments paid by individuals or entities to the accounts of central or local government bodies and institutions. There are a variety of taxes depending on the legal system, but almost everyone agrees that they remain one of the key sources of filling the country’s budget. Taxes on corporate income are extremely complex. When it comes to profit tax, generally it is a tax imposed on the net income of the company. Recently, the European Commission in December 2021 proposed a Directive ensuring a minimum effective tax rate for the global activities of large multinational groups. It includes a common set of rules on how to calculate this effective tax rate, so that it is properly and consistently applied across the European Union (EU). The purpose of this paper is through normative and economic analysis, both empirical and theoretical, to process the official data from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Bank (WB) and Public Revenue Office of the Republic of North Macedonia, in order to provide a clear overview of the current state of the foreseen tax rates as well trends of profit tax collection. Research in terms of object is branched in two directions: global and local. In the global aspect, the current situation during the last year (2021) is analyzed, relying on the ranking of the countries based on the highest, i.e. the lowest statutory corporate income tax rates (starting from the reflection of the situation in continents and then across concrete countries). In the local aspect, the research deals with the state of corporate taxes in the Republic of North Macedonia in the period of the previous law (2003-2013) and the period after the adoption of the law in force (2014-2021). To achieve the aforementioned goals, the author has focused on the use of some of the scientific methods, of which the most expressed are: the method of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, normative, comparative, historical and empirical method. The analysis of statistical data provides results that argue three existing facts: (1) at a comparative level, the Republic of North Macedonia is part of the group of countries with the lowest corporate tax rate; (2) the collection (payment) of profit tax in recent years proves a serious trend of continuous growth; (3) compared to the two most prominent forms of tax, personal income tax and value added tax, profit tax continues to show serious setbacks based on the collected values of these taxes in denars.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122391825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE GAME THEORY’S APPLICABILITY IN THE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR: THE CASE OF INTEL AND AMD","authors":"Doaa Salman, Rana Raafat","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the dominance of AMD and Intel as they are the two main computer chip producers in the market and their price reduction strategies that resulted in a loss for both enterprises. Also, the paper highlights the applied prisoner dilemma strategy. The methodology section of this research includes a payoff matrix between the two companies, followed by an analysis of CPU prices offered by Intel and AMD. And finally, an illustration of Intel’s share of sales to analyze the market standing of the two companies. The findings of this study show that Intel needs to readjust its pricing policy as slashing prices cannot be maintained in the long term.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127742451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE PROBLEMS OF INVESTIGATING PERPETRATORS OF COUNTERFEIT MONEY DEALERS","authors":"Hartanto Hartanto, Subakir Syafiqurrohman","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Circulation of counterfeit (fake) money is a part of crimes against currency. At present, crimes against currency continue to occur and are latent, the most important impact caused by crimes against currency is public interest and can threaten monetary conditions and the national economy. This research was conducted to see how the problem of criminal investigations against criminals as money dealers and their obstacles. The research method used in this research is descriptive research method, and examples of legal events at the Umbulharjo Police, Yogyakarta City. Next, what are the legal settlement steps and criminal sanctions against counterfeit (fake) money dealers, based on the provisions in Indonesian positive law regulated in the Criminal Code and more specific laws and regulations, namely Law Number 7 of 2011 About Currency. Where the provisions of the criminal law are contained in articles 33 through 41. It is necessary for the role of Bank Indonesia to continuously disseminate information on the ins and outs of money being measured, especially in certain denominations.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126704477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CASE STUDY OF BRITISH PETROLEUM PRIVATIZATION","authors":"Doaa Salman, Ahmed El-Ahmar","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Market Failure is the exiting of the company or the business from the market. Inefficiency whether in the supply or the demand could lead to market failure. One of the actions that could be resulted because of market failure is privatization. Privatization happens when the government fail to manage the business and cope with the crisis that could happen in the market. This failure will lead to a debt increase, so the government expenditure will increase, and this will force the government to sell the company to private investor or investors (Privatization). British Petroleum Company was one of the firms that were completely privatized by the United Kingdom government in the year 1987 due to many reasons. The purpose of the paper is to present the process of privatization of British Petroleum and clarify the prerequisites for market stabilization.\u0000In addition, this paper will discuss the main recommendation and policies that can be implemented for this company to succeed to regain its market share. Also, the paper will explain the effect the market failure has on the sustainable development goal (SDGs).","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125365520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APPLICATION OF THE APPARATUS OF CREATIVE ACCOUNTING IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC","authors":"R. Blazek, Jakub Michulek","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to clarify the use of the Beneish model to reveal creative accounting in companies. To bring its use closer to the general public and also to provide disinterested scientists with results and evaluations that are informative both for the scientific community and for people who are just beginning to take an interest in the topic. \u0000The aim of the research is to reveal the use of creative accounting, using apparatus for its detection, in the construction industry. \u0000A healthy business environment is very important for the state, as potential investors make decisions according to different rules, and it is only one of them that is ranked high in the evaluation of the state and its. Negative assumptions or hidden facts that may later become real shed a negative light on the landscape.\u0000We anticipate that the growing deterioration in economic stability will also affect the use of creative accounting in companies that, in an effort to maintain their economic position, also resort to instruments that violate the Accounting Code.\u0000The overall study was conducted on 117 companies, which were selected on the basis of various criteria. Based on the application of a tool for detecting creative accounting, specifically the Beneish model, we found that more than half of the companies surveyed decided to apply creative accounting in their accounting, which led e.g. to tax optimization.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114496854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HOTEL BRAND EFFECTIVENESS – THE GOOD PRACTICE OF BULGARIA. THE CASE OF KATARINO SPA HOTEL","authors":"G. Angelova, Veselin Stoimenov","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Hotel brand effectiveness determines the level of guest satisfaction, their desire for a repeat visit (guest loyalty) and their positive word-of-mouth. It depends on the quality of hotel superstructure and services paired with the proper use of brand destination resources. For a proper evaluation of hotel brand effectiveness it is necessary that guest perception and behaviour be considered as brands exist in guests’ minds. Successful brands ensure pleasure, even delight and create the emotional connection “brand-guest”. Brands are difficult to evaluate because they are considered to be something intangible and the choice of a brand is rather emotional than rational.\u0000This paper has the objective to analyze and evaluate the hotel brand effectiveness through a proper set of factors, i.e. criteria and indicators. The research employs a qualitative method of analysis and evaluation which entails encoding of guests’ reviews uploaded in the TripAdvisor platform including the period of Covid-19. Research results have proved a higher level of brand effectiveness according to three basic criteria – guest perception, guest behaviour and brand destination.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115272206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FORMULATION OF LEGAL PROTECTION REGULATION IN THE FORM OF COMPENSATION/RESTITUTION TO COMMUNITIES OF VICTIMS AFFECTED IN CASE OF FOREST AND LAND FIRE","authors":"Agus Suyandi Roni, Rachmad Safa’at, Istislam, I. Permadi","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"A good and healthy environment is a human and constitutional right for every Indonesian citizen (UUD NRI 1945). However, increasingly complex environmental problems continue to threaten human rights, such as cases of forest and land fires. The community is the most disadvantaged party due to the forest and land fires, ranging from environmental damage, healthy problems, delays in the learning process in schools, and other activities that have an impact on economic losses. In this case, the community cannot apply for restitution. The legal problem is that there is a void in norms governing the restitution process for victims affected by environmental crimes in general, including victims of forest and land fires. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to formulate a formulation in the criminal justice system in Indonesia related to legal protection in the form of compensation/restitution for the victims affected by forest and land fires. This type of research is a legal research with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, a case approach, and uses a legal material analysis technique in the form of a qualitative descriptive technique with inductive logic. The results of this study conclude that the formulation of appropriate norms must be carried out immediately and must also be made in a balanced manner, not sharp down and blunt up, these regulations must be made taking into account the rights and obligations as well as the dignity and worth of the community as victims of forest and land fires based on Human Rights (HAM) which recognizes the basic human right to be able to live in a good and healthy environment and is obliged to maintain and be responsible for all actions to prevent pollution. Restitution is given taking into account the amount of losses suffered by the affected victims.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128233931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL ENTERPRISES IN BLAGOEVGRAD WITH Z-SCORE MODEL","authors":"D. Stoilova","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted that municipal property is a basic prerequisite for financial autonomy and administrative independence of local authorities. In Bulgaria, municipalities received ownership rights from the Constitution (1991) and this regulation was further confirmed by the Law on Local Self-Government and Local Administration (1991). In 1996 municipal property was finally settled with the adoption of the Law on Municipal Property and the Law on State Property. In the late 1990s local governments received significant amounts of assets from the central government. The process was accompanied by abuses of administrative authority, corruption scandals, and financial mismanagement. Two decades latter, Bulgarian municipalities have different types of assets, but the effectiveness of local financial management is still a topical issue. This paper aims to analyse and estimate the financial performance of nine enterprises owned by Blagoevgrad municipality with Z-Score model. The analyzed period covers the years from 2006 to 2020. The results indicate that municipal enterprises can achieve profitability while providing a wide range of services to the local community.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131326599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INSIGHTS FROM THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY – THE CASE OF THE MERCEDES S-CLASS IN THE UNITED STATES","authors":"Doaa Salman, Nouran Yasser, Andrew Raafat","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a market analysis which represents a diagnostic procedure for determining the core causes of market behaviour from an economic standpoint. This paper reflects on the role of the automobile industry which has a substantial impact on a country’s growth since it contributes to high levels of employment, consumption, and investment. The goal of this study is threefold: first, use the demand and supply framework to explore the impact of the factors that drive those interactions and forecast future results for the S-class. Second, apply SWOT, PESTLE, and Porter’s model analysis to analyze the product line during the period from 2010 to 2020. Third, assess Mercedes-environment Benz to meet the company’s present and future objectives. Results show no violations of demand and supply laws for the S-class product in the United States, and it is a price-sensitive product, according to the findings. Fluctuations in the elasticities of demand and supply were observed due to the changes in the consumers’ willingness to buy the S-class and the changes in the market conditions which affected the supply over the decade of study. Results show Mercedes’ market opportunities is in a risky situation as the delay in the supply chain reflects negatively and give opportunities to other substitutes in the different market across the globe.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126459870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EXISTENCE OF PASSIVE SUBJECTIVE NOVATION IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF AGREEMENTS AND WARRANTIES","authors":"B. Utomo, Suhariningsih, I. Permadi, Yuliati Yuliati","doi":"10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Passive Subjective Novation is a replacement of the old debtor with a new debtor, and the creditor agrees that the old debtor is freed from the obligation to pay the debt. In Indonesia, Novation is regulated in the provisions of Article 1381 of the Civil Code, but in reality there is no single legal regulation that clearly explains Novation, especially Passive Subjective Novation. This legal vacuum regarding Passive Subjective Novation then causes legal uncertainty and creates problems because there are no clear references in terms of understanding, implementing regulations, and standard operating procedures (SOPs). The problems in this study are related to the existence of Passive Subjective Novation in credit agreements with mortgage rights in the legal system of agreements and guarantees, the meaning of Passive Subjective Novation in credit agreements by using mortgage guarantees on land, and the legal position of new debtors with Passive Subjective Novation so that can provide legal certainty. This research is normative juridical research using an analytical approach and a conceptual approach as well as grammatical interpretation analysis techniques, systematic interpretations and teleological interpretations to analyze primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study indicate that the existence of a novation credit agreement, especially a passive subjective novation if carried out will involve the parties who were originally involved in the previous credit agreement. The novation is carried out explicitly by using a concrete authentic deed to confirm the position of this novation in the credit agreement. Switching the debtor when the credit agreement is still halfway through, can cause problems for the bank, and the most important and first problem that arises is who will continue the credit agreement because it is impossible for the credit agreement to be released just like that.","PeriodicalId":438310,"journal":{"name":"Economics & Law","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131736212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}