Clinical Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Visual Function Using Yellow-Tinted Filter in Patients with Pre-Perimetric and Early Open Angle Glaucoma.","authors":"George I Triantafyllopoulos, Constantinos H Karabatsas, Evangelos Pateras, Aristeidis Chandrinos, Dimitrios Kapralos, Iordanis Georgiou, Anastasia Tsiogka, Dimitrios Kourkoutas","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S520285","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S520285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess the effect of an external yellow-tinted filter (KIROS 1-400 lens) on visual function in patients with pre-perimetric glaucoma (PPG) and early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The primary outcomes were contrast sensitivity (CS) and visual field (VF) indices assessed using standard automated perimetry (SAP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This comparative observational, within-subject study included 30 patients with PPG (30 eyes) and 50 with POAG (50 eyes) recruited from the Ophthalmology Department of the 401 General Military Hospital, Athens, between January and December 2022. CS was measured using the Pelli-Robson chart. VF indices, including mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), visual field index (VFI), and Glaucoma Hemifield Test (GHT) classifications, were assessed with SAP with the 24-2 SITA-standard strategy on the Humphrey Field Analyzer II 740. All testing was performed both with and without the yellow filter KIROS 1-400 (Essilor International) in the same eyes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The KIROS 1-400 filter significantly enhanced CS in both PPG and POAG eyes, increasing the median logCS by 0.03. However, while statistically significant, this improvement may not be clinically meaningful. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the VF indices (MD, PSD, and VFI) when the filter was applied. Analysis of GHT results revealed that the filter reduced borderline classifications and showed high precision (0.733) and recall (0.846) for \"outside normal limits\" classifications. However, the agreement between the filtered and unfiltered GHT results was fair.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The KIROS 1-400 filter significantly enhanced CS in patients with PPG and POAG without notable effects on the VF indices. However, caution is advised when interpreting GHT results obtained with yellow-tinted filters. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the filter's long-term clinical benefits and its potential role in glaucoma management.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"255-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Vision Rehabilitation in a Family Affected by Peters' Anomaly Syndrome.","authors":"Ithar M Beshtawi","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S530128","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S530128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This report aims to discuss a case involving family members diagnosed with Peters' anomaly, detailing the clinical characteristics, vision assessment, and rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A family comprises two daughters and a son, were diagnosed with Peters' anomaly. Assessment included: visual and reading acuity, visual field, contrast sensitivity, and color vision. Different devices were employed based on each individual's visual needs and capabilities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The first daughter exhibited a visual acuity of 6/75 at distance and 6/95 at near in the better eye, along with a restricted visual field, moderate contrast sensitivity, and normal color vision. The second daughter had 6/60 visual acuity in both eyes, a restricted visual field, moderate contrast sensitivity, and abnormal color vision. Both girls were given a +12.00D binocular spectacle for near, and a telescope for distance, additionally, they were recommended to utilize a typoscope, felt pen, and reading stand for near tasks. The son had 6/75 vision at distance and near in both eyes, a restricted visual field, significantly reduced contrast sensitivity, and normal color vision. The son does not attend school; instead, he has been instructed in the use of a mobile phone application designed to magnify small print, and an 8x monocular telescope for distant viewing. He was also referred to a local organization that provides vocational training for young with disabilities. The father had 6/600 at distance and near in both eyes, a restricted visual field, severely reduced contrast sensitivity, and abnormal color vision. He received a video magnifier and advised to utilize bright illumination during reading and to use a cane while walking. The overwhelmed mother was referred to a counselling group for emotional support.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In low vision-rehabilitation, various interventions may be recommended to patients with the same condition based on their age, visual function, and targeted goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"249-254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12360389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contact Lens-Associated <i>Serratia marcescens</i> Keratitis: A Case Report.","authors":"Noor Alqudah, Mais Tashtoush","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S535720","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S535720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Serratia marcescens</i> (<i>S. marcescens</i>) keratitis is a rare, sight-threatening infection primarily seen in contact lens users. A 22-year-old female developed sudden ocular symptoms two days after contact lens use. Examination revealed significant conjunctival injection, anterior chamber inflammation, and a corneal abscess with an epithelial defect. Despite initial moxifloxacin treatment, her condition worsened, requiring a switch to fortified vancomycin, ceftriaxone, and voriconazole. Cultures confirmed <i>S. marcescens</i>, allowing treatment to be streamlined to fortified ceftriaxone. The infection gradually resolved, with visual acuity returning to 20/20 and minimal residual scarring noted at one month.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"243-247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12338314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144822849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective Evaluation of Relationship Between Tear Film Stability and Visual Fatigue [Letter].","authors":"Ankita Bandyopadhyay, Firdoos Jaman, Suraj Kumar Chaurasiya","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S552111","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S552111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"241-242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12335844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation Between Retinal Vascular Oxygen Saturation, Red Blood Cell Parameters and Hemorheology Parameters in Healthy Adults.","authors":"Lu Chang, Dan Li, Keyu Zhu, Mei Liu, Junguo Duan","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S513381","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S513381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Investigate the correlation between retinal vascular oxygen saturation and red blood cell parameters, hemorheology parameters in healthy adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study recruited 120 healthy volunteers, and their elbow venous blood was drawn for examination of RBC parameters and hemorheology. The retinal oximeter measured the retinal vascular oxygen saturation, including retinal arteriolar oxygen saturation (SaO₂), venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂) and arteriovenous oxygen saturation Difference (AVD). The <i>Pearson Correlation</i> and <i>Spearman's Correlation</i> methods were used to analyze the correlation between the SaO₂, SvO₂, AVD and the red blood cell parameters,hemorheology parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis yielded a statistically significant correlation between SaO₂ and BMI (<i>r</i>=0.184, <i>P</i>=0.044). SvO₂ was associated with Gender (<i>r</i>=-0.227, <i>P</i>=0.013), HGB (<i>r</i>=-0.190, <i>P</i>=0.038), HCT (<i>r</i>=-0.236, <i>P</i>=0.009), RDW-CV (<i>r</i>=0.228, <i>P</i>=0.012), WBRIH (<i>r</i>=0.019, <i>P</i>=0.037), WBVL 1/s (<i>r</i>=-0.194, <i>P</i>=0.034), WBVM 50/s (<i>r</i>=-0.206, <i>P</i>=0.024), WBVH 150/s (<i>r</i>=-0.211, <i>P</i>=0.021) and WBVH 200/s (<i>r</i>=-0.222, <i>P</i>=0.015). AVD was associated with Gender (<i>r</i>=-0.318, <i>P</i>=0.000), BMI (<i>r</i>=0.269, <i>P</i>=0.003), RBC (<i>r</i>=0.282, <i>P</i>=0.002), HGB (<i>r</i>=0.263, <i>P</i>=0.004), RBCSI (<i>r</i>=0.187, <i>P</i>=0.041), WBRIH (<i>r</i>=0.289, <i>P</i>=0.001), WBRVH (<i>r</i>=0.247, <i>P</i>=0.006), WBVL 1/s (<i>r</i>=0.220, <i>P</i>=0.016), WBVL 10/s (<i>r</i>=0.289, <i>P</i>=0.001), WBVM 50/s (<i>r</i>=0.323, <i>P</i>=0.000), WBVH 150/s (<i>r</i>=0.320, <i>P</i>=0.000) and WBVH 200/s (<i>r</i>=0.320, <i>P</i>=0.000). Gender (<i>β</i>=-0.297, <i>P</i>=0.005), BMI (<i>β</i>=0.208, <i>P</i>=0.023), PV (<i>β</i>=-0.304, <i>P</i>=0.000) were independent predictors of AVD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Retinal vascular oxygen saturation is correlated with many RBC parameters and hemorheology parameters, indicating that RBC and rheological characteristics of peripheral blood may affect the transport and metabolism of retinal oxygen and are closely related to retinal microcirculation.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>The relationship between retinal blood oxygen saturation and red blood cell and hemorheology parameters confirmed the close correlation between ocular microcirculation and systemic blood circulation, which provided a prospective diagnosis and treatment strategy for microcirculatory-related eye diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"231-240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12323780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144790321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development and Implementation of a Simulated Patient Resource for Teaching and Assessment in Optometry Low Vision Rehabilitation.","authors":"Marek Karas, Natalie Lucas, Barbara Ryan","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S525505","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S525505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report on the development, evaluation, and acceptability of a simulated patient resource designed for teaching and assessment in low vision rehabilitation. The findings aim to inform possible future integration of this method into optometric education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In response to COVID-19 restrictions, a simulated patient resource was developed to allow students undertaking the practical elements of postgraduate modules in low vision practice at Cardiff University to complete their training. Using a mixed methods case study approach, the evaluation examined perspectives from students, assessors, and simulated patients, to establish if there was a consensus of opinion on its use. The study did not seek to demonstrate educational impact or validate SiP against existing methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five assessors, five simulated patients and seven students completed evaluations. Both assessors and students broadly accepted the method for both teaching and assessment, with mean scores across all groups ranging from 7.3 to 9.6 on a 1-10 scale (where 1 indicated very poor acceptance and 10 excellent acceptance). The discussion and establishing magnification elements of the encounter were the least well accepted. Simulated patients found the level of preparation for the role adequate. There were no significant differences between Likert scores between assessors and students in both the teaching and assessment sessions. Thematic analysis of free text comments showed in the main positive responses, with all groups highlighting the benefits of detailed scenarios and pre-session training. The method was acceptable to the professional governing and accrediting body, the College of Optometrists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementing a guideline-compliant simulated patient resource for high-stakes assessment requires significant time and resources. Our single cohort analysis indicates broad acceptance amongst assessors and students. Further research is needed to evaluate its educational impact across a wider range of scenarios and competencies while also further assessing its validity. Though simulated patients offer a viable alternative for teaching and assessing low vision practice, real patient encounters remain preferable.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"217-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12318867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vision Performance of a 3-Zone Progressive™ Design Kalifilcon A Silicone Hydrogel Multifocal Contact Lens is Not Influenced by Pupil Size: Findings from a Multicenter Clinical Study.","authors":"Nitasha R Phatak, William Reindel, Marjorie J Rah, Howard Proskin, Kerry Giedd, Andrew D Pucker","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S513407","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S513407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Factors including age, refractive error, and luminance can affect pupil size and may influence the performance of multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs). This post-hoc analysis aimed to investigate correlations between pupil size and vision performance of a 3-Zone Progressive™ design, daily disposable silicone hydrogel (kalifilcon A) MFCL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Habitual MFCL wearers aged ≥40 years were enrolled in a 3-week, single-arm, bilateral, open-label study to assess near, intermediate, and distant vision performance. Pupil sizes were recorded at dispensing, along with binocular high-contrast visual acuity (VA) by logMAR. VA was assessed at 1- and 3-weeks' follow-up for distance, intermediate, and near vision, and participants rated vision performance using a 0-100 scale (100=most favorable) at both these follow-ups. Responses with score ≥50 were considered favorable. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the correlation significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pupil size ranged from 2.0 mm to 7.0 mm. Mean logMAR VA was -0.009, 0.046, and 0.114 (1 week), and -0.012, 0.046, and 0.115 (3 weeks) for distance, intermediate, and near vision, respectively. Statistical analysis of the VA distribution found no significant correlation between VA and pupil size after 1 week of MFCL wear for distance or near vision (r²=0.003 and 0.006, respectively; both p≥0.05), and a weak but statistically significant correlation between intermediate VA and pupil size (r²=0.017; p<0.05). No correlations were observed after 3 weeks for any distance (all p≥0.05). Participants rated subjective vision highly (84.0±19.9, 89.2±11.8, and 82.5±18.5, respectively at 1 week, and 84.6±18.0, 89.3±12.6, and 84.2±17.9, respectively at 3 weeks). Responses were favorable at both visits (p<0.05). Correlations between vision rating and pupil size were not significant at either visit (p≥0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The kalifilcon A daily disposable silicone hydrogel MFCL delivers stable VA and significantly favorable (p<0.05) ratings at all distances for patients with a wide range of pupil sizes.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"207-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12306539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optometry Students' Mental Health at a University in South Africa: Investigating the Links Between Anxiety, Depression, and Key Variables.","authors":"Rajesh Vagiri, Velibanti Sukati, Mabitsela Hezekiel Mphasha, Nsovo Mayimele, Varsha Bangalee, Wandisile Grootboom, Letlhogonolo Makhele, Neelaveni Padayachee","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S523423","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S523423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Anxiety and depression in optometry students are becoming acknowledged as critical concerns, especially given the rigorous demands of their academic curricula. This study aimed to identify the severity of anxiety and depression and their association with socio-demographic, academic, and clinical variables among optometry students in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a descriptive, quantitative, and cross-sectional study involving 171 optometry undergraduate students at a university in South Africa. Data was gathered using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and a questionnaire encompassing socio-demographic, student, and clinical variables. Students who agreed to participate and provided written consent were recruited to participate in this study. The association between socio-demographic, student, and clinical variables with total GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores was determined using the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-test and Kruskal-Wallis test where applicable.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More than half of the participants were female (n=63; 63.2%), identified as belonging to <i>the Pedi</i> ethnic group (n=96; 56.1%), single (n=118; 69%), and lived with both parents (n=94; 55.0%). Over half (51.4%; n=88) of the participants reported high levels of anxiety, while two-thirds (n=141; 67.8%) exhibited high levels of depression. Variables such as academic level, receipt of financial bursary, and prior professional psychological support had a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) association with total GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between total GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores (r = 0.77, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Addressing the high levels of anxiety and depression among optometry students necessitates a comprehensive strategy that encompasses the augmentation of mental health resources, fostering resilience, and creating supportive environments. By implementing these strategies, educational institutions can enhance the mental health and well-being of optometry students, ultimately leading to improved academic outcomes and professional readiness.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"195-206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12302975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refitting Previous Presbyopic Contact Lens Dropouts with a Single Use Multifocal Contact Lens.","authors":"Jennifer Swingle Fogt, Madison Roth, Beth A Travis, Katherine M Bickle, Hope Patterson Gardner","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S526434","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S526434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Contact lens dropout is known to occur frequently in presbyopic patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of patient-reported success, defined by willingness to continue lens wear after the study, when fitting previous presbyopic contact lens dropout patients with a single-use multifocal contact lens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Presbyopes who had previously discontinued contact lens wear due to poor vision were recruited and fit with delefilcon A multifocal contact lenses. Participants were prescribed lenses following the fitting guide, wore lenses for 1 week to allow for adaptation, and returned for a follow-up visit. After confirmation of optimized lens powers, lenses were dispensed for one month of wear. A final visit was completed to assess vision and respond to survey questions, including 0-100 visual analog scale (VAS) surveys of lens wear experiences. Participants also scored their likelihood of continuing with study lenses upon study completion and whether the participant would recommend the study lenses to a friend. Success with fitting the study lenses was defined as those participants who selected \"very likely\" or \"likely\" to continue wearing the study lenses after the conclusion of the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five participants completed all study visits. Median (Interquartile range) binocular LogMAR acuity with the study lenses was -0.10 (0.16) at distance (20/16 Snellen acuity equivalent) and 0.00 (0.12) at near (20/20 Snellen acuity equivalent). The median (IQR) satisfaction score was 84 (29.75) on a scale of 0-100. Eighty percent of the participants said they were very likely or likely to continue wearing the multifocal lenses after the conclusion of the study. All twenty-five of the participants said they would recommend the study lenses to a friend.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The objective and subjective findings of this study suggest that presbyopic contact lens dropouts can be refit with the study multifocal contact lens.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12230320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144585204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective Evaluation of Relationship Between Tear Film Stability and Visual Fatigue.","authors":"Maki Watanabe, Masakazu Hirota, Ryusei Takigawa, Kanako Kato, Yuka Ikeda","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S522320","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S522320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the relationship between tear film stability and visual fatigue using two objective measurements: the non-invasive tear film break-up time (NI-BUT) and the binocular fusion maintenance (BFM) test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eleven young adult volunteers (age [mean ± standard deviation], 20.7 ± 1.4 years) participated in this study. The NI-BUT was determined using the distortion of the mire ring. BFM was assessed by measuring the transmittance of liquid crystals placed in front of the subject's non-dominant eye when binocular fusion was broken, and non-dominant eye was shifted to heterophoric. The volunteers were administered the NI-BUT and BFM before and after a 30-minute visual task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NI-BUT (pre vs post: 9.12 ± 1.00 s vs 5.69 ± 3.11 s) was significantly shorter in the post-visual task than in the pre-visual task (<i>P</i> = 0.011). BFM (0.95 ± 0.09 vs 0.75 ± 0.16) was significantly lower in the post-visual task than in the pre-visual task (<i>P</i> = 0.012). The change in NI-BUT was significantly and positively correlated with the change in BFM (<i>R²</i> = 0.385, <i>P</i> = 0.042).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These objective findings support the association between tear film stability and visual fatigue.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"17 ","pages":"175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12228515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144576601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}