Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Differentiation of the Clothing Inventory by Sex and Age Based on Materials from Funerary Sites Found in the Upper Obi Region Dated by the Second Half of the First Millennium BC.","authors":"N. Golovchenko","doi":"10.55086/sp233319340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233319340","url":null,"abstract":"The author addresses the features of differentiation by sex and age of the clothing inventory based on the materials from funerary sites found in the Upper Ob’ Region and dated by the Early Iron Age. The paper is mainly based on the materials from the sites of the Bolsherechenskaya cultural and historical community of the 8th (7th)—3rd (2nd) centuries BC. The author studies the clothing inventory from 136 burials. The analysis reveals a rather motley picture of sex and age differentiation of jewelry worn by the Upper Ob’ Region population in the Early Iron Age, indicating absence of uniformity in the design of funerary costume. It was not possible to trace any standard sets of jewelry for individual age and sex groups of the population of the Upper Ob’ basin in the Early Iron Age. Absence of any canon in the design of the funerary costume contributed to its individualization. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the clothing inventory of the Upper Ob’ basin population in the second half of the 1st millennium BC is explained, in our opinion, by a change in the vital statuses of individuals. Conventionally, we can distinguish three periods of changes in the ensemble of the costume: child’s to juvenile, juvenile to adult, and then adult to senile one. This process was individual, depending on the life history of a particular person.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130379627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life and Death of Children from the Scythian Time Middle Don Settlements","authors":"Y. Razuvaev","doi":"10.55086/sp2334353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp2334353","url":null,"abstract":"The article summarizes archaeological and anthropological information regarding the children’s group of the settled population of the Middle Don. Sources are materials from barrowless burials and household sites of the 6 th—3 rd centuries BC. The basic conditions of everyday life and the features of the funerary rites of the named demographic group are considered. Based on the results of the anthropological research on bone residues, the state of health and the nutrition system of younger individuals were assessed. The available data indicate unfavorable living conditions in general, primarily about the imperfection of the diet, heavy physical activity. In the clothing complex of sedentary sites, children’s household items (jewelry, amulets, toys) are distinguished. The few children’s ditch graves and the widespread practice of exhibiting corpses are characterized. According to the group burials identified at the Semiluksky hillfort and containing mainly the remains of children, the ritual of extraordinary funerary-sacrificial complexes is traced.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130695273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Early Iron Age Metallurgical ”Plant” in the Ural Mountains","authors":"V. Borzunov, Galina V. Beltikova, P. Kosintsev, S. Kuzminykh","doi":"10.55086/sp233201242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233201242","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the westernmost metallurgical center of the 5th—2nd centuries BC left by the aboriginal Itkul’ culture of the forest Trans-Urals in 8th/7th—3rd/2 nd centuries BC. It was founded in the upper reaches of the Ufa river, in Serny Klyuch tract, on top of a high (20—25 m) limestone rock with three steep edges, on the ruins of sites and settlements of the Eneolithic and Bronze Age. After the construction of the first copper-smelting complexes, the site of the settlement from the floor side was fenced with a log defensive wall with an external moat 40—42 m long. The ancient settlement is miniature, with an area of about 1,000 sq. m. Two excavations (502 sq. m) explored half of the site and 26 m of the fortification line. The remains of 19 adobe blast furnaces, three adobe platforms for metal processing, several pits and fireplaces for melting metal, three industrial and residential buildings of a frame-and-pillar structure were uncovered. In addition to the clan of metallurgists of the aboriginal Itkul’ culture, the population of the settlement included small groups of newcomers: initially, the descendants of the taiga communities of the Gamayun culture, who migrated from the north, from the upper reaches of the Iset’ river, later — the bearers of the Gorokhovo culture, who fled from the Tobol region and the lower reaches of the Iset’ river under the pressure of the warlike Sargat tribes, the ancient ancestors of the Hungarians who came from the east, from the Ishim-Irtysh forest-steppe. Traces of full cycle metallurgical production were revealed on the site — from copper smelting to casting and forging of finished products. The main part of non-ferrous metal produced by metallurgists of the mountain-forestry Trans-Urals was intended for export to neighboring and more distant territories. A blank of an iron knife-dagger found in one of the furnaces, and a series of Itkul’ iron products found in other places, confirm the hypothesis of the emergence of its own ferrous metallurgy in the forests of the Middle Urals around the 5 th—4 th centuries BC.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131934889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Deer” stones as a Source when Creating Graphic Reconstructions","authors":"O. Likhacheva","doi":"10.55086/sp233111119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233111119","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the large number of depicted realities, including those related to the weapons and equipment of the warrior, the “deer” stones represent an important source for the military affairs of the early nomads of Central Asia. This is due to the high realism of the depicted objects and the fact that each sculpture shows an individual set of weapons. Despite the high informative value and expressiveness of these artefacts, they are rarely used to create graphic reconstructions of warriors of that time. In this paper, we will demonstrate the possibilities of this direction using the example of materials from Altai and Mongolia. Two objects are involved as sources. This is a well-known Chui “deer” stone and an object from the Bayan-Bulag-I complex. The article gradually examines the process of interpretation and reconstruction of realities and provides the basic methodological principles of such work.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115200809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burial of a ‘Priestess’ from Filippovka 1 Cemetery: an attempt of a comprehensive study","authors":"O. Anikeeva, M. Balabanova, V. Klepikov, A. Pilipenko","doi":"10.55086/sp233341367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233341367","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses chronological issues with burial 2 from kurgan 1 from Filippovka 1 burial ground, a semantic analysis of some uncovered objects of art, as well as the anthropological type/genetic status of the buried woman. Using complex research methods (molecular-genetic, mineralogical, X-ray, technological, traceological analyses, methods of age-sex diagnostics, craniology, multidimensional analysis of principal components and search for archaeological analogies) ensured the authenticity of determining manufacturing techniques and anthropological studies as well as modern ideas about the cultural and chronological interpretation of the presented archaeological materials. A study of horse harness items abd typological attribution of arrowheads and beads made it possible to date the burial within the middle — third quarter of the 4th century BC. The context of items in the burial, the stylistics of their forms and structure convincingly showed that certain items were not used in everyday/social life, but rather served as some sacred attributes used in religious ceremonies and ritual practices only. A search for analogies to the iconography and images from these relics made it possible to clarify the compositional semantics and suggested their purpose in sacred scenarios. The anthropological type distinctive features and genetic structures, as well as the presence of traces of deliberate artificial deformation of the skull, confirm the local, South Ural, origin of the woman.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124860176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the Chariot in the Zhongshan Kingdom and Other Semi-barbaric Early States","authors":"P. Shulga, D. Shulga","doi":"10.55086/sp233243253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233243253","url":null,"abstract":"According to a number of researchers, the peoples of the eastern part of the Steppe Eurasia from the 9th—8th centuries BC moved on to the nomadic way of life, resulting in a cultural change and militarization of society. It was believed that these nomads already at an early stage formed units of mounted archers attacking land farmers of Western Asia and China in the 9th and 7th cent. BC. However, no presence of the ‘northern nomads’ was identified in this territory in the 9th—8th cent. BC. The exception is the Scythian-like Yuhuangmiao culture, formed in the second half of the 7th cent. BC. based on the culture of the ‘upper layer of Xiajiadian’ and foreign nomads from the north. Sedentarism of the local ‘nomads’ was quite high, which largely explains the wide use of two-wheeled carts and military chariots by the cattle herders of Northern China at least from the 9th to 3rd—2nd cent. BC. Moreover, the first chariots with horses and early harness elements were introduced to the Shang Kingdom in the 13th and 12th cent. BC by some groups of people living north of Shang. The western rongs traditionally used combat chariots, and even created their own variants of single-axle wagons for the transport of goods. At the same time, the western rongs and the small Zhongshan Kingdom still used mounted archers who fought effectively against their enemies, as well as serving in neighboring kingdoms. Respectively, Sinification of such associations of ‘barbarians’ was not a one-way assimilation of the population. In some cases, the local elite may even rise to the level of the Chinese aristocracy in the course of mutually beneficial interaction.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131117855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crypts with Stepped Ceilings of the Necropolis near the Village Zaozernoye in the Northwestern Crimea: Design Features, Origins of Tradition, Semantics","authors":"E. Popova","doi":"10.55086/sp233369389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233369389","url":null,"abstract":"Necropolis near the village Zaozernoye is located 1.5 km northwest of the Chaika settlement, in the vicinity of Evpatoria. Four stone crypts with stepped ceilings were discovered. The first group in two barrows — 30 and 16. The rectangular chambers were covered with blocks in the form of false vaults, with entrances and dromoi. The second group, in kurgans 25 and 11: crypts with ledge ceilings, without entrances and dromoi. Their dating is determined by the common date of the ancient part of the necropolis — the second half of the 4th—3rd centuries BC. Analogies to them are found in the Bosporus. But such crypts are also found in other regions of the Crimea. The main feature that unites them is not only the material realization, but the semantic meaning of the ledge structures. The stepped shape is a symbol of the ladder connecting the lower and the upper worlds. The problem of the origins of the tradition of arranging such crypts has been a subject of discussion for a long time. At present, its appearance in the Bosporus is associated with the Thracian tradition. The presence of such structures in the necropolis near the village. Zaozernoe seems to be the most correct to associate with the tradition of the Bosporus.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131234759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceramic Animals of Forest Settlements: Games of Adults with Gods or Children’s Toys?","authors":"V. Guryanov, A. Chubur","doi":"10.55086/sp2331526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp2331526","url":null,"abstract":"The authors believe that the clay zoomorphic plastic figurines from the Early Iron Age settlements of the forest zone (the areas of the Yukhnovskaya, Milogradskaya, Verkhneokskaya and Dyakovskaya cultures) are not votive elements of agrarian cults but children’s toys. These toys as well as miniature vessels, ceramic models of things, clay loaves could be made by children themselves while learning the process of ceramic production. The use of images of wild animals especially predators and toads in agrarian rituals is doubtful. The dominance of horse images in the Milograd-Yukhnovo area seems to be an Indo-European trait associated with mythology and not with farming. In the area of the Dyakovskaya culture with developed horse breeding, attributed to the Finno-Ugric antiquities, there are clay figurines of animals except horses. Profane toys can carry sacred images since myth and fairy tale are closely connected with each other and a toy for a child has many faces and can situationally play the role of a mythical character, a fairy-tale hero, a usual domestic animal. Some figurines become votive objects at the final stage of existence. Toys were sacrificed during initiation into adulthood as in ancient Greece and Rome. Fragments of figurines in ashtrays formed during the annual ritual and sanitary burning of winter straw bedding from houses and stables are often taken as sacrifices. Household garbage trapped in a “cleansing” bonfire is not a meaningful sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114188411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the New Type of Amphorae “Sporades-1”, Imitating the Amphorae of Ikos","authors":"Sergei Monachov","doi":"10.55086/sp233289301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233289301","url":null,"abstract":"In a series of articles of 2009, 2011 and 2013, we localized a group of amphorae from Ikos, an island polis in the Sporades. In total, two morphological groups of such amphorae were identified, most of which were large pythoids. The vessels of the first group (the second quarter — the middle of the 4 th century BC) have a belt on the leg. In amphorae of the second group (middle — third quarter of the 4 th century BC, no later), with the same morphology, there is no belt on the leg. In addition to the semi-standard amphorae of both groups, fractional vessels with a smaller body diameter close to conical form were assigned to Ikos production. Over time, it became clear that the assignment of these “fractional” vessels to Ikos was a delusion, since they have a different profiling of the body: the neck is higher, the rim is small, and the leg is highly profiled, with large expansion and much higher. The clay of these amphorae, although similar to the clay of Ikos amphorae, is still clearly lighter in weight. In addition, they date from a slightly different time than the Ikos amphorae, namely, the second half, more often the last third of the 4 th century BC. An analysis of a sample of such amphorae in 14 vessels showed that this group of containers should be separated into an individual type, and although it is not yet possible to attribute them to any specific production center, it seems that this center was located somewhere either on one of the islands of the Sporades, or in Chalkidiki. For the sake of convenience, we will call it “Sporades-1” type, provisionally.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128784070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issyk-type Dagger from Temirshi, Central Kazakhstan: Results of Metallographic, Chemical and Traceological Analysis","authors":"A. Beisenov, A. Panichkin, I. Goraschuk, D. Shashenov","doi":"10.55086/sp233255266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55086/sp233255266","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most widespread types of weaponry of the Scythian-Saka period in Eurasia are daggers with a pommel in the form of opposing griffin heads. D. Topal recently combined this type of weapons into a special group of “Issyk-type akinakes” (2021), which includes a specimen found near MountTemirshi in Central Kazakhstan. The date of the dagger is the second half of the 6th — the first half of the 5th centuries BC. Special studies showed that the dagger from Temirshi was made from a piece of iron by forging when heated to a temperature of 700—750 °C. The final short-term annealing took place at a temperature not exceeding 900 °C. Such operations as cutting and bending the neck of griffins, preparing the shape of the hilt and guard, were carried out after the metal had cooled. When making relief details on the hilt, guard and head of the griffin, the ancient master used a variety of cutting and grinding tools. Master’s skill at iron-working, as well as some features of his tools show a high level of blacksmithing among the population of the Tasmola culture of Central Kazakhstan.","PeriodicalId":435723,"journal":{"name":"Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134194490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}