The Oriental studies最新文献

{"title":"Почитание Большой Медведицы в среде ойратов и калмыков: древнейшие представления и буддийские напластования. Часть 1","authors":"E. Bakaeva","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-48-2-368-384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-48-2-368-384","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Ursa Major is the constellation most venerated by Mongolic peoples. Goals. The article seeks to analyze related beliefs traced in folklore and collected field data, reveal key mythological characteristics, and cast light upon diachronous layers in the beliefs of Kalmyks and Oirats (Western Mongols). So, the work aims at analyzing basic Kalmyk and Oirat folklore plots dealing with origins of the Great Bear in comparison to those of other Mongolic cultures; and at examining the concept of Ursa Major against the background of some calendar rites and revered mythological images with due regard of contemporary ceremonies addressed to the constellation. Materials. Part One investigates folklore, ethnographic, and linguistic sources involved, thus focusing on the first objective declared. Part Two to be published in the next issue of the journal shall deal with the remaining tasks. Results. The paper identifies main variants of mythological texts about Ursa Major (Mong. Долоон бурхан, Долоон өвгөн, Kalm. Долан бурхн, Долан одн) existing in Kalmyk and Oirat discourses, comparing the latter to myths of other Mongolic populations. Basically, the myths narrate about seven male characters (siblings, sworn brothers, or thieves) or an ox-man. The Kalmyk plot of thieves is somewhat unique in Mongolic traditions, being rather typical for Turkic ones. The plot of ox-man Masn Miru (or Massang) was borrowed from Tibet, though etymology of terms may tie the constellation (its emergence) to the archaic plot of day and night alternation as a chase of she-deer, and the solar theme at large.","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128483495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Антропонимы бурят в исторической динамике","authors":"Sesegma G. Zhambalova","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-48-2-422-435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-48-2-422-435","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The issue of preserving Russia’s national languages — including Buryat — is urgent enough, and personal name proves an important part of language and culture. Despite the undertaken measures, surveys reveal a decline in the use of the Buryat language. However, the increasing prevalence of ethnic anthroponyms causes no concern. Goals. The paper studies the historical dynamics of Buryat anthroponyms to identify specific features of ethnic processes in the contexts of modernization and globalization. Materials. The article deals with archival, field, manuscript, and literary sources. The anthroponyms analyzed comprise diachronous layers characterizing the specific dynamics of ethnohistorical processes, and are examined in diachronic (19th – 21st centuries) and synchronic (Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia) perspectives. Results. Linguistic aspects of Buryat anthroponymy have been studied since the 1970s, and two articles have been published by ethnographers. Our analysis shows that due to constant transformation and modernization of the community anthroponyms of the Buryats are essentially historical, with a persistent layer of original Buryat names. Names of 19th-century Cisbaikalia-based Buryats are vividly ethnic which is evident from present-day family names of descendants. Russian names used to be rare enough, and even the few ones were significantly modified to Buryat spelling norms. Names of Transbaikalia-based Buryats experienced a dramatic inflow of Tibetan Buddhist anthroponyms soon recognized as Buryat Buddhist ones. The tradition to take surnames by personal names of fathers resulted in that Buddhist-stemmed family names have become common in the area in the 20th – 21st centuries. These processes have led to that personal name and surname acquire an ethno-discriminating function among the people. The mid-20th century (Soviet era) onwards witnessed a spread of Russian names, and the latter still constitute quite a share in the late 20th – early 21st centuries but prestige of Buryat names does increase, the list being replenished with modern sonorous anthroponyms. The cross-border location of Buryats determines certain specific features in the shaping of anthroponymic clusters: those comprise elements of Mongolian (nomadic), Russian (Orthodox Christian), and Indo-Tibetan (Buddhist) cultures — with a sufficient central core of Buryat traditional (shamanistic) elements. The paper reveals the historical dynamics describing the Buryats both as part of the universal Mongolic world, and — in social developmental perspectives — as part of Russian and Soviet structures (Russian Empire, USSR, and Russian Federation). Conclusions. The study of Buryat name-giving trends shows (chronologically and territorially) anthroponyms mirror key global and local facts of ethnic history, transformed value paradigms. The Buryats retain a layer of original ancient Buryat names, the rest (Russian, Buryat Buddhist, modern Buryat, revived archaic Buryat one","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132830025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Калмыкия на этапе поздней перестройки и распада СССР (1990–1991 гг.): новое видение статуса республики как субъекта советского и российского федерализма","authors":"Evgenyi A. Gunaev","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-26-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-26-40","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. During the 1990 ‘sovereignty parade’, Soviet autonomous republics tended to adopt respective declarations as a means to denounce their autonomous status and, thus, raise their political standing in the context of reformed national and state structures. And Kalmykia was part of the trend: in October 1990, the region was reorganized into a Soviet Socialist Republic and, like other ex-autonomous republics, acquired a formal right to claim the status of a USSR member state. In RSFSR, this was paralleled by the preparation of a Federal Treaty that would reflect Russia’s new national-state structure. Goals. The paper investigates positions of regional authorities during the troubled period of fundamental reforms, and provides insight into the then emerged vision of the republic’s status as a subject of Soviet and Russian federalism. Materials. The article introduces a number of documents of the Kalmyk SSR that reveal the essence of Kalmykia’s Declaration of State Sovereignty, attitudes towards respective draft treaties developed for the USSR and RSFSR. Results. The work explores reasons underlying adoptions and principal provisions of the documents, focusing on positions of Kalmykia’s executives towards state sovereignty, renaming of the republic, change of its status within the USSR and particularly RSFSR, primacy of the republic’s laws, citizenship, economic independence, interregional and interethnic relations. Conclusions. Authorities of the Kalmyk ASSR sought to transform the republic into a USSR member state, though as part of the RSFSR. In this regard, great expectations were placed on a new Union Treaty that would recognize political and economic rights of the republic, and grant certain representative quotas in Union-level agencies. Similar efforts were made by the republic later as part of the Federal Treaty. The latter specified political and economic provisions (requirements) set forth by the republic in more detail, a significant role played there by the Law of the RSFSR on Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples adopted in April 1991.","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130545685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Положение «дулгуяк-кадай» в традиционной культуре тувинцев (вторая половина XIX – начало XXI в.)","authors":"Z. Dorzhu, Lyudmila A. Dash","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-55-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-55-63","url":null,"abstract":"Goals. The article studies the socio-age group of dulguyak-qadai (Tuv. ‘old maid’), specific features of their status in traditional and contemporary Tuvan society. The institution of marriage has always been highly valued in Tuva, and central life goal of any Tuvan woman was to become a hereezhen kizhi, i.e. wife and mother. So, the dulguyak-qadai used to be objects of pity or even neglect. Old maids — as well as the very concept of dulguyak — constituted and literally denoted a ‘deviation’ from the traditional worldview and established Tuvan social structure, though remaining its active integral part which would significantly undermine patriarchal foundations of Tuvan community. Materials. The work analyzes historical, ethnographic data collected during 2018-2019 comprehensive expeditions to a number of districts (and other sources) revealing why women stay unmarried, the latter’s roles in their parental families, attitudes of other relatives and those of community members in general. Results. The paper notes some present-day features of the phenomenon in the context of vanishing folk traditions and increasing globalization processes. The field materials obtained from authentic traditional culture bearers are valuable enough, and can be instrumental in compiling curricula and instructional guidelines for ethnic schools, at folk pedagogy advisory meetings, etc.","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124564512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Женские прически и накосные украшения тувинцев: историко-этнографический очерк","authors":"Elena V. Aiyzhy, Rolanda B. Khovalyg","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-64-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-64-74","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The paper studies Tuvan women’s hairstyles and plait decorative elements, reveals their typology and features from historical and ethnographic perspectives. Being integral components of both material and spiritual cultures, such decorative elements — through materials and processing techniques, styling patterns, plots and symbols, terminology and worldview attitudes — sustainably retain valuable historical and ethnographic messages, original semantics. Goals. The work aims at exploring Tuvan traditional hairstyle types and related plait covers in historical and ethnographic aspects, thus gaining insight into most ancient beliefs and cults, customs and rites, ethnogenetic and ethnocultural ties between Central Asian peoples at large. To date, such typologies and ethnocultural parallels in the realm of traditional hairstyles and decorative elements have been either left aside or examined on a piecemeal basis only. So, insufficiency of actual data and the increasing interest towards Tuvan ethnic culture make the study relevant enough. Methods. The study employs modern interdisciplinary methods and implements an integrated approach that includes methodological principles of related scientific disciplines, such as history, archeology, and ethnography. The research at the intersection of several humanitarian disciplines helps obtain richer information on certain culture-specific features and their functioning principles within the Tuvan ethnos. Results. The paper summarizes results of ethnographic studies, analyzes field and archival materials, and classifies women’s hairstyles and plait decorative elements of Tuvans from the late 19th to the 21st centuries. Conclusions. Thus, the article attempts to compile a typology, and describes some elements of ritual practices, especially ones dealing with Tuvan women’s hairstyles.","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124624764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Система персонажей и их функции в тибетских и монгольских сочинениях «О пользе сутры „Ваджраччхедика Праджняпарамита“»","authors":"Alina A. Gribkova","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-122-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-122-132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122217058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Жизнь и деятельность второго перерожденца Нейджи-тойна: источниковедческий анализ намтара","authors":"T︠s︡. P. Vanchikova","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-173-182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-173-182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133056289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Магия в хозяйственных практиках скотоводов-кочевников Внутренней Азии","authors":"M. Sodnompilova, B. Nanzatov","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-93-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-93-105","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Breeding of domestic animals capable of surviving across different ecological niches of Inner Asia proved crucial to nomadic culture and its biological adaptation to harsh and unpredictable natural conditions of the region. So, it is livestock embodied in the concept of taban hoshuu mal ― ‘five types of livestock’ (horses, camels, cattle, sheep and goats) ― that serves as fundamental nomadic wealth. However, the traditional livestock breeding practices of Inner Asian nomads which had ensured the development of unique nomadic civilization still remain understudied and need further research. Goals. The article seeks to analyze a corpus of ideas and irrational practices used in livestock breeding, identify their functions and meanings. Results. The study describes magical techniques aimed at increasing the fecundity and productivity of livestock, its protection against predators and thieves. The paper identifies representations that endow related household items (lashes, ropes, horse tack, dishes) with special supernatural powers. Examined are views and magic tricks associated with infectious disease control. The work proves that the key idea of the whole range of magical actions used in livestock breeding was to preserve the ‘happiness / luck of livestock’ personified by animals as such, their coat colors, wool, bones, milk, manure, and specific household items. It is concluded that the fire of the hearth has been the main guardian of ‘livestock’s happiness’ since ancient times.","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115845062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Буддизм и политика во Внутренней Азии","authors":"Irina R. Garri","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-8-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-8-16","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article focuses on the history of Tibetan Buddhism in Inner Asia. Goal. It analyzes the main peculiarities of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the turning points of its history in the context of contradictions between Inner Asian polities, the Russian and Qing empires. Materials and Methods. The paper is based on the fundamental historical works dealing with Inner Asia. The methodology applied is determined by the understanding of Tibetan-Mongolian Buddhism as a cultural unity within which regional traditions share similar institutional forms. Results and Conclusions. The paper notes a peculiar feature of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition is the personality cult of the Teacher worshipped as an ‘incarnate’ Buddha ― tulku (Tib. sprul-sku); model of relationship between the latter and secular powers expressed by the concept of choyon (Tib. mcho-yon ‘lama-patron’); theocratic form of government manifested by the formula ‘unity of religion and politics’ (Tib. chos-sridzung-‘brel). A crucial milestone in the history of Inner Asia was the emergence of the Qing and Russian empires. The destruction of the Dzungar Khanate and delimitation of borders between China and Russia led that Inner Asia no longer existed as a cluster of struggling polities, and the subsequent historical era completely transformed the place and role of the Mongols and Tibetans in the region. The main stream policy of both the states towards Buddhism and its communities was decentralization and fragmentation, on the one hand, and patronage, on the other. This, along with efforts of Buddhists proper, resulted  in that by the early 20th century Inner Asia was housing immense spaces of Tibetan Buddhism with religious centers in Lhasa, Beijing, and Urga. Despite the Buddhist tradition was not united structurally, it was still distinguished by cultural homogeneity based on the spiritual authority of the Gelug sect and the latter’s hierarchs — Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Jebtsundamba Khutukhtus, similar monastic educational systems, institution of incarnate lamas, classical Tibetan language and Buddhist Canon, Vajrayana cult system.","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124133802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Символика обрядовых действий в практике мирян-буддистов (обряд подношения лампадки)","authors":"B. Bicheev","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-164-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-47-1-164-172","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":434355,"journal":{"name":"The Oriental studies","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121446772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}