Tobacco Use Insights最新文献

{"title":"Appeal of novel cessation intervention approaches among young-adult users of traditional and alternative tobacco products.","authors":"Carla J Berg,&nbsp;Katelyn F Romm,&nbsp;Brooke Patterson,&nbsp;Christina Wysota,&nbsp;Lorien C Abroms","doi":"10.1177/1179173X211041123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X211041123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Given limited research on young-adult tobacco cessation interventions, we examined preferred tobacco/e-cigarette cessation approaches among young-adult tobacco/e-cigarette users.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed Spring 2020 data from a longitudinal study of young adults (ages 18-34) across 6 metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, and Seattle). We examined tobacco/e-cigarette use and self-reported appeal of various intervention approaches, and regarding technology-based approaches, the appeal of types of technology and intervention functions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this sample of past 6-month tobacco/e-cigarette users (M_age = 24.69; 48.4% male; 73.3% White), 59.6% used e-cigarettes, and 48.2% used cigarettes. The most frequently endorsed <i>intervention approach</i> was nicotine replacement therapy (NRT; 72.7%), followed by technology-based programs (70.0%) and oral medications (53.0%). The most frequently endorsed <i>technology-based approach</i> was smartphone apps (85.9%), followed by programs involving text-messaging (62.1%), websites (57.1%), social media (48.4%), and video counseling (41.6%). The most frequently endorsed <i>technology-based program function</i> was behavioral monitoring (68.3%), followed by earning rewards (60.3%). We identified no differences in approach appeal among subcategories of tobacco/e-cigarette users.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings underscore the promise of technology-based approaches, particularly apps, and text-messaging for tobacco/e-cigarette cessation, and functions like behavioral monitoring and gamification. Additionally, appropriate and effective NRT use for young-adult tobacco/e-cigarette users warrants further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4d/ab/10.1177_1179173X211041123.PMC8516370.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39525141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dripping Technology Use Among Young Adult E-Cigarette Users.","authors":"Zachary B Massey, Laurel O Brockenberry, Tori E Murray, Paul T Harrell","doi":"10.1177/1179173X211035448","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1179173X211035448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Young adults are increasingly using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The standard ENDS device involves an electric coil that heats a wick to vaporize an e-liquid solution. \"Dripping\" is another method that involves applying e-liquid directly to the coil. Dripping increases risk of harmful toxic compounds in vapor aerosols. Despite evidence of high levels of dripping among adolescents, young adult prevalence is unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Young adults aged 18 to 24 completed an online survey assessing vaping and dripping status, type of devices used, tobacco use, and vaping expectancies. Among ever-vapers, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models assessed whether demographics predicted dripping and use of dripping devices. Multivariate Analysis of Variance compared never- and ever-drippers on expectancies for vaping outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 2 in 5 young adult ever-vapers (43.7%) reported dripping. A multivariate regression model found that male gender (AOR = 1.83), identifying as White (AOR = 2.37), and use of other tobacco products (hookah; AOR = 1.91; cigars; AOR = 2.26; cigarettes; AOR = 2.51) were associated with dripping. E-cigarette users who reported lifetime dripping were more likely to consider vaping stimulating, socially facilitating, and flavorful. They ascribed lower health risks to vaping and felt it could reduce negative affect, weight gain, nicotine cravings, and boredom (all <i>P</i> < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dripping was a highly prevalent behavior among this sample of young adults, particularly among White males. These findings point to the importance of gaining a greater understanding of the drivers and consequences of vaping and dripping behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/70/f9/10.1177_1179173X211035448.PMC8327010.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39299037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation and Examination of the Reliability and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Among Latino Smokers.","authors":"Francisco Cartujano-Barrera,&nbsp;Scott McIntosh,&nbsp;Lisa Sanderson Cox,&nbsp;Evelyn Arana-Chicas,&nbsp;Delwyn Catley,&nbsp;Edward F Ellerbeck,&nbsp;Deborah J Ossip,&nbsp;Ana Paula Cupertino","doi":"10.1177/1179173X211035366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X211035366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 12-item Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ-12) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess confidence in one's ability to refrain from smoking in a variety of different situations. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 12-item Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ-12) among a sample of Spanish-speaking Latino smokers engaged in a smoking cessation research study. A forward-backward translation procedure guided the translation of the SEQ-12 into Spanish. The Spanish version of the SEQ-12 showed promising internal consistency reliability and construct validity among Latino smokers, with potential applications in both research and clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f7/80/10.1177_1179173X211035366.PMC8326995.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39299036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic Cigarette Cessation in Youth and Young Adults: A Case Series.","authors":"Gautam Sikka, MopeninuJesu Oluyinka, Raiza Schreiber, Panagis Galiatsatos","doi":"10.1177/1179173X211026676","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1179173X211026676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) usage use has increased exponentially, especially in youth and young adults. For many, the usage of these products results in a severe addiction, one that is difficult to discontinue. Further, e-cigarette cessation is challenging as there are no specific guidelines directing such medical management for patients and their respective clinicians. Here, we report a case series of patients who we are attempting to wean from e-cigarettes with medical guidance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six patients who self-reported daily e-cigarette usage and were enrolled in our Tobacco Treatment Clinic (TTC) were followed for 12-months. An inventory of the e-cigarette product and usage was captured, along with responses to identify when the patients experienced majority of their cravings. Co-morbidities, if present, were documented. Documentation of interventions, counseling with or without pharmacological therapies, were captured. Primary outcome was cessation at 6-months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 6 patients enrolled in clinic ranged in age from 17 to 31 years, with 4 of the patients identifying as males and 2 as females. Patients were using e-cigarettes for 1 to 6 years prior to enrolling into the TTC. As for interventions, all patients received counseling and pharmacological interventions in the form of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs). Three of the 6 patients were weaned off e-cigarettes by 6-months, with a fourth patient weaned off at the 8-month mark. Variables identified as barriers to cessation included non-compliance with medical regimen and peer influence.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Here we present a case series of attempting to wean persons from electronic cigarettes use. Given the lack of international guidelines in e-cigarette addiction management, we believe this case series will be of value for clinicians and their patients. Further studies are warranted to help patients with e-cigarette addiction in their attempt at cessation.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/02/25/10.1177_1179173X211026676.PMC8216413.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39141125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation of the Knowledge and Perceptions of Pharmacy Staff and Pre-Registration Students of E-Cigarettes Use: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ravina Barrett, Hajar Aldamkhi","doi":"10.1177/1179173X211016867","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1179173X211016867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pharmacy staff are a trusted source of advice on the safe and appropriate use of medicines and devices. Retail pharmacies deliver smoking cessation services and sell e-cigarettes in the UK. This review asks 'what knowledge, experience and ability do staff have to support e-cigarette users to quit smoking'.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was undertaken drawn on predefined eligibility criteria and a comprehensive search strategy following the PRISMA guideline. Eligible papers reported survey-research published in English from 2015 to 2020. PubMed, Google Scholar, OVID, EMBASE and MEDLINE Databases were searched. No restrictions on study design or language were applied. Two reviewers independently screened for inclusion/exclusion and then extracted the relevant information from the articles for synthesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 12 potentially eligible full-text studies, 1 was a duplicate, 7 were excluded as per eligibility criteria. Four papers were finally included in this literature review. Two studies indicated that pharmacy staff are less confident in giving advice on e-cigarette use. Knowledge on the adverse effects of e-cigarettes compared to traditional smoking cessation aids remain unclear. In one study, 42% of community pharmacists did not believe that e-cigarettes could be used for smoking cessation. Three studies identified need for specific regulations and professional support. The overall certainty of the evidence is 'low' or 'very low', with moderate levels of bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmacists may be well placed to implement e-cigarette smoking cessation interventions, but most practitioners lacked knowledge and ability to support these customers citing unclear risk of harm. Pharmacists felt secure in recommending traditional cessation tools. Further regulation, guidelines and training is needed. Findings may be less generalizable in countries where e-cigarettes are banned. Their extent of knowledge, experience and ability to support users of e-cigarettes within their community to quit smoking is lacking.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39053128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Smoking Behavior among Physicians in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Abeer S Al Shahrani,&nbsp;Najd R Almudaiheem,&nbsp;Esraa M Bakhsh,&nbsp;Nora T Sarhan,&nbsp;Fay S Aldossari,&nbsp;Budur A Bin Huzeim","doi":"10.1177/1179173X211006652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X211006652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of smoking has increased in recent years in Saudi Arabia. Our objectives were to determine the factors affecting smoking among physicians and to assess physicians' quitting behavior.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was carried out at 3 district hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It involved physicians with different levels of experience and different specialties. They were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire adapted from validated tools. The questionnaire addressed sociodemographic data, lifestyle, and work-related factors as well as smoking cessation and relapse. SPSS statistical software was used for the statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 290 physicians, of whom 91% were Saudi and 59.7% were male. About 55.2% were younger than age of 30. Overall, 34.8% were smokers. The following factors had a significant association with smoking: a smoking family member/friend, resident occupational status, medical specialty, and frequent on-call duties increased the likelihood of smoking. One-third of the physicians (31.6%) who tried to quit smoking reported seeking information on social media, television, and/or the internet. The most common causes of relapse were social stress and withdrawal symptoms, while the least common was work-related stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Smoking was highly prevalent among physicians. The likelihood of smoking was higher in, residents, medical specialists and those with a high number of on-call duties. Moreover, this study described cessation practices in this group, which might be considered when designing and improving counseling programs for physicians who smoke.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179173X211006652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25601459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harm Perceptions of Tobacco/Nicotine Products and Child Exposure: Differences between Non-Users, Cigarette-Exclusive, and Electronic Cigarette-Exclusive Users.","authors":"Alayna P Tackett,&nbsp;Samantha W Wallace,&nbsp;Caitlin E Smith,&nbsp;Elise Turner,&nbsp;David A Fedele,&nbsp;Irina Stepanov,&nbsp;William V Lechner,&nbsp;Jessica J Hale,&nbsp;Theodore L Wagener","doi":"10.1177/1179173X21998362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X21998362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined caregiver perception of harm and child secondhand exposure to nicotine in a sample of e-cigarette-exclusive, cigarette-exclusive, and non-tobacco/nicotine users (non-users).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cigarette-exclusive (n = 19), e-cigarette-exclusive (n = 12), and non-users (n = 20) and their children (N = 51, <i>M_age</i>  = 10.47) completed self-report questionnaires about perceptions of harm, child secondhand exposure, and provided urine to assess child nicotine exposure (cotinine). ANOVAs examined differences between caregiver use status on tobacco harm perceptions and child cotinine levels. Independent samples <i>t</i>-test compared differences in caregiver-reported child secondhand exposure in the home and car.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 3 caregiver groups rated cigarettes as highly harmful (<i>P</i> = .14), but e-cigarette users rated all 3 types of e-cigarette products (Cartridge-based: <i>P</i> < .001; Tank: <i>P</i> < .001; Box Mod: <i>P</i> < .001) as less harmful than cigarette users and non-users. Caregivers from the e-cigarette user group reported greater child secondhand exposure than caregivers using cigarettes (past 7-day in-home exposure (<i>P</i> = .03); past 7-day exposure in-home + in-car exposure (<i>P</i> = .02); in-home exposure by caregivers and other people exposure (<i>P</i> = .02)). Children from the cigarette user group had significantly higher levels of cotinine (<i>M</i> = 16.6, SD = 21.7) compared to children from the Non-User group (<i>M</i> = .43, SD = .95; <i>P</i> = .001), but no significant difference when compared to children from the E-Cigarette User group (<i>M</i> = 6.5, SD = 13.5).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In this sample, caregivers who used e-cigarettes perceived them as less harmful, reported using them more frequently at home and in the car, even when their children were present, compared to cigarette users. As a result, children appear to be exposed to nicotine at levels similar to children living with cigarette users. Future caregiver prevention and intervention efforts should target education around the potential harms of secondhand e-cigarette aerosol to children.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179173X21998362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25601457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco Use Status as a Function of Transgender Identity: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress.","authors":"Ahmad A Kittaneh,&nbsp;Sweta Patel,&nbsp;Natasha K Sidhu,&nbsp;William V Lechner,&nbsp;Deric R Kenne","doi":"10.1177/1179173X211004267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X211004267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The current study examined differences between individuals identifying as transgender and people identifying as cisgender in terms of (1) psychological distress (eg, anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation), (2) rates of combustible and e-cigarette use, and (3) the potential for elevated psychological distress stemming from transgender identification to be associated with increased rates of smoking and vaping.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This was a secondary analysis of data from a study examining behavioral health, perceptions and behaviors associated with alcohol and other drug use, and mental health status at a large mid-western university. Differences in current use of cigarette and e-cigarette products were examined between self-identified transgender (n = 253) and cisgender (n = 18 371) respondents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 17.2% (n = 2727) of the sample endorsed past 30-day use of cigarettes or e-cigarettes. Results demonstrated a significant effect of gender identity, with individuals identifying as transgender reporting higher odds of using cigarettes or e-cigarettes (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.26-6.31). Regression analyses revealed significant effects of transgender identity on symptoms of anxiety (<i>b</i> = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.64, 5.25, <i>P</i> < .001.); depression, (<i>b</i> = 4.14, 95% CI = 2.21, 6.07, <i>P</i> < .001); and suicidal ideation, (<i>b</i> = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.48, 3.55, <i>P</i> < .001.), respectively. Finally, we observed significant indirect effects of transgender identity on cigarette and e-cigarette product use via increased symptoms of depression (indirect effect = 0.13, 95% CI [0.07, 0.19], <i>P</i> < .05), and suicidal ideation (indirect effect = 0.22, 95% CI [0.15, 0.28], <i>P</i> < .05), but not symptoms of anxiety.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This is the first study of our knowledge to examine the association between psychological symptoms and smoking and vaping products with transgender identity. The results of this study support previous findings that transgender individuals are at risk for elevated substance use and extend the literature by demonstrating this this risk is associated with elevated psychological distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179173X211004267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25601458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoking Enigma in Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Tug of War between Predisposition and Possible Way Out.","authors":"Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Ritu Biswas","doi":"10.1177/1179173X20988674","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1179173X20988674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The recent global inclination for smoking during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has drawn attention to the impact of smoking on COVID-19. While smoking increases susceptibility to common respiratory pathogens including the closely related coronaviruses, COVID-19 causing Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being a respiratory pathogen intrigues the possible association between smoking and viral pathogenicity.</p><p><strong>Smoking and covid-19: </strong>The gender dependence of COVID-19 infection rates and a higher prevalence of smokers among males made the scientific world assume smoking to be a confounding variable in sex predisposition to COVID-19. Conversely, the controversial findings of discrepant morbidity and mortality rates of COVID-19 among smokers questioned the credibility of this hypothesis. More importantly, nicotine in smoking has been hypothesized to downregulate Interleukin-6 (IL-6) which plays a role in COVID-19 severity and to interfere with the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 led the scientists to experiment nicotine patch prophylactically against COVID-19. Besides, interaction between spike protein and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) supports the nicotinic cholinergic system dysregulation hypothesis in COVID-19 pathophysiology leading to its therapeutic use. However, despite the contradictions in the direct impact of smoking, it surely acts as fomites for viral transmission.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Irrespective of the role nicotine in COVID-management, compassionate use of smoking against SARS-CoV-2 cannot be recommended until the therapeutic value gets proved and therapeutic form becomes available.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179173X20988674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25493109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 5-Factor Framework for Assessing Tobacco Use Disorder.","authors":"Matthew Bucklin","doi":"10.1177/1179173X21998355","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1179173X21998355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cigarette use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Despite the well documented dangers of smoking, nearly 20% of adults report regular use of tobacco. A majority desire to discontinue but the long-term cessation success rate remains near 4%. One challenge to reducing the prevalence of tobacco use is an incomplete understanding of the individual correlates that reinforce continued use. Evidence from research on nicotine and tobacco suggests that Tobacco Use Disorder is a complex, and multifactorial condition. Personality traits, comorbidities, habits and lifestyle, genetics, socioeconomic status, and mental and physical health all contribute to the risk for dependence and to the likelihood of quitting. This perspective review provides an overview of some common factors that contribute to liability risk for Tobacco Use Disorder and a framework for assessing individual tobacco users. The framework includes 5 areas that research suggests contribute to continued tobacco use: nicotine addiction, psychological influences, behavioral dependencies, neurobiological factors, and social reinforcement. Nicotine addiction includes drug-seeking behavior and the role of withdrawal avoidance. Psychological and emotional states contribute to a perceived reliance on tobacco. Behavioral dependence is reinforced by associative and non-associative learning mechanisms. Neurobiological factors include genetic variables, variations in neurotransmitters and receptors, pharmacogenetics, and interaction between psychiatric illnesses and nicotine use and dependence. Finally, social reinforcement of smoking behavior is explained by a network phenomenon and consistent visual cues to smoke. A comprehensive assessment of individual tobacco users will help better determine appropriate treatment options to achieve improved efficacy and outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":43361,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Use Insights","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dd/46/10.1177_1179173X21998355.PMC7922618.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25476081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}