EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE最新文献

{"title":"\"Everlasting Memorials\": Urban Improvement and the Shadow of Ruin in Mid-Eighteenth-Century London","authors":"Alison O’Byrne","doi":"10.1215/00982601-9272992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9272992","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay explores the relationship between plans for the improvement of London and other forms of writing about the city that imagine its inevitable decline and fall. Those lamenting the appearance of London in the eighteenth century frequently looked back to the Great Fire as a missed opportunity to rebuild the city in a grander, more magnificent manner. For these critics, London's built environment did little to stake the nation's claims to polite refinement and cultural prestige. Such concerns became especially pressing in the wake of Britain's victories in the Seven Years' War, which made London the center of an extensive global empire. Through an examination of proposals for and accounts of urban improvements as well as works that look to a future moment when visitors survey London's faded glories, this essay considers how imagining London in ruins—a trope thus far explored in the context of the loss of the American colonies and Britain's role in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars—served two competing purposes in mid-eighteenth-century Britain. While, on the one hand, improvers acknowledged the transience of imperial power by arguing that now was the time to build grand monuments to mark the achievements of the present, on the other, a range of writers invoked the trope of future ruin to indicate how the seeds of decline had already been sown. The manifold meanings of ruin to which these works gesture would continue to play out in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"183 1","pages":"34 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74635482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Producing Philosophes in Oceania: Enlightenment through Pacific Spaces","authors":"Kate Fullagar","doi":"10.1215/00982601-9272985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9272985","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The belated European rediscovery of the Pacific helped to test, modify, extend, or otherwise realize the critical, collecting, and conjecturing ethos of the Enlightenment. Whether official philosophers or not, voyagers found in the \"new\" space of the Pacific more data about the natural and social worlds than they had known before, which led to more empirical comparing, more systematic speculation, and more secular self-questioning. Most scholarship on Enlightenment and Pacific voyaging, however, focuses on relatively elite or well-educated thinkers who were already on the path toward an Enlightenment mindset before they even saw the southern hemisphere. A different story about Enlightenment and the Pacific emerges for less-obviously philosophical voyagers. For these travelers—most of them destined for a maritime but not necessarily an intellectual life—the Pacific could prove to be the primary or originary field for creating an Enlightenment disposition. More particularly, interactions with Pacific people were the means by which some Europeans apprehended what their \"philosophical betters\" typically discovered via texts. Pacific spaces prompted Enlightenment practices in ordinary mariners more readily or more evidently than they originated them in the educationally advantaged. This article surveys the experiences of a handful of ordinary voyagers to the Pacific Ocean. It aims to move forward discussions about the role the Pacific region and Pacific people played in developing so-called Western modernity.","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"8 1","pages":"16 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78270751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porcelain and Catholic Enlightenment: The Zwettler Tafelaufsatz","authors":"Matthew J. Martin","doi":"10.1215/00982601-9273020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9273020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The mastery of a hard-paste porcelain technology in Dresden in 1708 was a major natural philosophical achievement for the European Enlightenment. From the outset, the material possessed a representative function at the Saxon court, where it served to promote the power and cultural prestige of the Wettin dynasty. As porcelain factories were established at courts across Europe, however, the material's signifying role became complex. On the one hand, its alchemical associations aligned it with unfettered princely power in the realm of the absolutist court. On the other, its origins in laboratory investigation could indicate a princely engagement with the Enlightenment pursuit of scientific knowledge. These contradictory associations reached an apogee in the so-called \"Catholic Enlightenment,\" producing artworks that sought to consolidate the church. This paper analyzes the Zwettler Tafelaufsatz—the great porcelain table centerpiece that was created in 1768 as part of a multimodal baroque celebration of Abbot Rayner Kollmann's jubilee at the Cistercian monastery of Zwettl in Lower Austria. Here the porcelain medium enabled the Cistercian brethren to argue for the continuing role of monasteries and monastic scholarship in eighteenthcentury Enlightenment learning, while simultaneously declaring the limits of human learning and the ultimate supremacy of divine revelation in the context of an absolutist world order.","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"11 1","pages":"116 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76813619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Descent of Man","authors":"Arianne Chernock","doi":"10.1056/nejm192607221950412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm192607221950412","url":null,"abstract":"“...All Israel shall bless, saying ‘May G-d make you as Ephraim and as Menashe.’ ” (48:20) Rabbi Yaakov Kaminetzky, one of the great sages of the previous generation, was once sitting in an airplane next to the head of the Histadrut, the Israeli Labor Federation. As Reb Yaakov was of advanced age, his children insisted that he travel in business class to minimize the rigors of the journey from America to Israel. The rest of his family traveled in Economy. As soon as the “fasten seat belt” sign went off, one of his grandchildren bounded forward and said, “Zeide, would you like a drink?” Not long afterwards, another grandchild appeared and said, “Zeide, are you comfortable? Would you like another pillow?” This grandchild was followed by another and yet another. This monotonous procession of doting grandchildren did not escape the notice of the head of the Histadrut. After the fifth grandchild made his exit, he turned to Reb Yaakov and said, “Forgive me, Rabbi, but may I ask you a question?” “Of course,” replied Reb Yaakov. Said the man: “I couldn’t help notice the tremendous respect your grandchildren give you. I’m lucky if I get a birthday card from my grandchildren. What’s your secret? Why is it that your children and grandchildren give you such respect?” Reb Yaakov replied, “You see, we believe that we are descended from people whose spiritual greatness is almost impossible for us to imagine: Avraham, Yitzchak, Yaakov, Moshe. My rebbe (Torah teacher) used to say, without false modesty and in total sincerity, that he didn’t come to the ankles of his rebbe, neither in Torah learning nor in purity of character. If you asked my rebbe’s rebbe about his rebbe, he would have said the same. If you extrapolate this backwards even a few generations, it becomes very difficult for us to have any idea of the greatness of the Vilna Gaon, who lived only 250 years ago, let alone of the Avot, the Patriarchs. “Ever since that supernal moment when G-d spoke to our ancestors at Sinai, our spiritual journey has been ever downward. That’s why our children give us respect, because they see us as closer to Sinai than they. We are one generation closer to the giving of the Torah. You, on the other hand, believe that you share common ancestry with the ape. So why should your children respect you? You are one generation closer to the ape than they are! They see themselves as a step up the ladder of the ‘ascent of man.’ In their view, it is you who should give them respect.” “...All Israel shall bless, saying ‘May G-d make you as Ephraim and as Menashe.’ ” On Friday nights throughout the Jewish world, the first thing that a father does upon returning from shul is to bless the children with the words of this verse: “May G-d make you as Ephraim and as Menashe.” Why, of all our towering spiritual giants, are Ephraim and Menashe singled out to be the paradigm of blessing? Why don’t we say May G-d make you like Avraham, or like Moshe? The phrase “the generation gap” was coined ","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"17 1","pages":"109 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87860062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serendipitous Failures","authors":"Lisa L. Moore","doi":"10.1215/00982601-8902692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8902692","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"1 1","pages":"68 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82602390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Variable Account of Blindness in the Eighteenth Century","authors":"D. C. Gabbard","doi":"10.1215/00982601-8902705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8902705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"131 1","pages":"74 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77541781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Honoring Jim Springer Borck","authors":"J. Lynch","doi":"10.1215/00982601-8902679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8902679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"31 1","pages":"63 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81612925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Modern Biography\": Form, Function, and Celebrity in Eighteenth-Century Genre Theory","authors":"E. Bannet","doi":"10.1215/00982601-8902653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8902653","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay outlines the comprehensive theory of \"modern\" eighteenth-century biography that was articulated throughout the century in the often lengthy prefaces to collections of lives, disseminated in periodical essays, and applied in reviews to stand-alone lives. This theory addressed the proper selection, presentation, and treatment of both individual and collected \"lives.\" It gave biography national, historical, commercial, and educational functions; detailed the components of its life-historical narrative and of its critical portions; set standards for what constituted \"a fair and full account\" of a character, life, and works; and contained in embryo virtually all aspects of biography that would later be singled out as the primary or most valued characteristic of biographical writing. This essay describes the ways biographers and theorists confronted and resolved two ubiquitous difficulties arising from their consensus that \"fame or celebrity among us in their generation\" was \"the grand principle\" on which biography was founded: first, how to \"do justice\" to a person on the basis of sources and testimonials that reflected the partisanship of a country \"rent by faction\" since the Reformation; and second, how to represent people who had been celebrated in their own time, but not in the biographer's later generation.","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"26 1","pages":"24 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80197881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Adamant Patriot in Changing Times: Jonathan Swift's Later Political Pamphlets","authors":"Sabine Baltes-Ellermann","doi":"10.1215/00982601-8902744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8902744","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"57 1","pages":"101 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84444793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's Records of the Court of George III and Queen Charlotte","authors":"Mascha Hansen","doi":"10.1215/00982601-8902718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8902718","url":null,"abstract":"Michael Kassler, gen. ed. Memoirs of the Court of George III, 4 vols: vol. 1: The Memoirs of Charlotte Papendiek (1765 – 1840), ed. Kassler; vol. 2: Mary Delany (1700 – 1788) and the Court of King George III, ed. Alain Kerhervé; vol. 3: The Diary of Lucy Kennedy (1790 – 1816), ed. Lorna J. Clark; vol. 4: The Diary of Queen Charlotte, 1789 and 1794, ed. Kassler (London: Routledge, 2016). Pp. 1,664. $770. £385.","PeriodicalId":43296,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE","volume":"11 1","pages":"82 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74474104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}