V. Shchukin, N. Ledentsov, J. Kropp, G. Steinle, K. Choquette, S. Burger, F. Schmidt
{"title":"Engineering of optical modes in vertical-cavity microresonators by aperture placement: applications to single-mode and near-field lasers","authors":"V. Shchukin, N. Ledentsov, J. Kropp, G. Steinle, K. Choquette, S. Burger, F. Schmidt","doi":"10.1117/12.2077012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2077012","url":null,"abstract":"Oxide–confined vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) are inherently leaky structures, despite the fact that the oxidized periphery region surrounding the all–semiconductor core has a lower refractive index. The reason is that the VCSEL modes in the non–oxidized core region can be coupled to tilted modes in the selectively oxidized periphery as the orthogonality between the core mode and the modes at the periphery is broken by the oxidation–induced optical field redistribution. Engineered VCSEL designs show that the overlap between the VCSEL mode of the core and the tilted mode in the periphery can reach >30% resulting in significant leakage. Three–dimensional modeling confirms that the leakage losses are much stronger for high order transverse modes which have a higher field intensity close to the oxidized region. Single mode lasing in the fundamental mode can thus proceed up to large aperture diameters. A 850–nm GaAlAs leaky VCSEL based on this concept is designed, modeled and fabricated, showing single–mode lasing with aperture diameters up to 5 μm. Side mode suppression ratio >20dB is realized at the current density of 10kA/cm2 in devices with the series resistance of 90 Ω.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126052820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combining, homogenizing, and shaping beams from multiple laser emitters using multimode optical fibers and waveguides used in display systems","authors":"H. Baghsiahi, S. Day, D. Selviah","doi":"10.1117/12.2079651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2079651","url":null,"abstract":"Optical waveguides are considered and investigated for laser beam combining and colour homogenization for use in a three colour laser based display system. A recently developed laser is calibrated and the best method for designing an all-waveguide combining and homogenising system is investigated. Ray tracing simulations are performed and the results are presented. An optical combination of lenses is designed and used for laser beam focusing into a 200 μm fibre core diameter step index silica core multimode fibre. We also designed and simulated a slab waveguide for beam shaping and beam homogenizing.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121194053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Warren, R. F. Carson, J. R. Joseph, Thomas E. Wilcox, Preethi Dacha, David J. Abell, Kirk J. Otis
{"title":"High-speed and scalable high-power VCSEL arrays and their applications","authors":"M. Warren, R. F. Carson, J. R. Joseph, Thomas E. Wilcox, Preethi Dacha, David J. Abell, Kirk J. Otis","doi":"10.1117/12.2080235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080235","url":null,"abstract":"A unique architecture for two-dimensional arrays of VCSELs that allow for simultaneous high-power output and highbandwidth modulation has been developed for a variety of applications. The arrays use integrated micro-lenses for beam shaping and control, and to enable incoherent beam combining to make compact, high-brightness sources with low coherence noise. The fabrication and performance of the laser arrays are reviewed and sample applications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132357392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evanescent fields of laser written waveguides","authors":"Dario Jukić, T. Pohl, J. Götte","doi":"10.1117/12.2077189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2077189","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the evanescent field at the surface of laser written waveguides. The waveguides are written by a direct femtosecond laser writing process into fused silica, which is then sanded down to expose the guiding layer. These waveguides support eigenmodes which have an evanescent field reaching into the vacuum above the waveguide. We study the governing wave equations and present solution for the fundamental eigenmodes of the modified waveguides.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129518088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Norman Ruhnke, A. Müller, B. Eppich, M. Maiwald, B. Sumpf, G. Erbert, G. Tränkle
{"title":"400mW output power at 445 nm with narrowband emission from an external cavity diode laser system","authors":"Norman Ruhnke, A. Müller, B. Eppich, M. Maiwald, B. Sumpf, G. Erbert, G. Tränkle","doi":"10.1117/12.2076926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076926","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, high-power broad-area laser diodes based on GaN with output powers beyond 1 W have become available. However, their broad spectral emission limits their applicability. Due to a lack of internal grating technology for GaN devices, narrowband emission with several hundreds of milliwatts in the blue-green spectral range has not been achieved with laser diodes thus far. In this work, a high-power external cavity diode laser (ECDL) system at 445 nm is presented. The system is based on a commercially available broad-area GaN laser diode and a surface diffraction grating in Littrow configuration for optical feedback. Using this configuration an output power of 400 mW with a reduced spectral emission bandwidth of 20 pm (FWHM) with a side-mode suppression ratio larger than 40 dB is obtained. With the above presented optical output power and narrowband laser emission at 445 nm, the ECDL is well suited as a pump light source for nonlinear frequency conversion into the deep ultraviolet spectral range.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115764459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Pu, D. Ng, K. Lim, V. Krishnamurthy, Chee-Wei Lee, Kun Tang, Anthony Yew Seng Kay, T. Loh, Qian Wang
{"title":"Design, fabrication and demonstration of heterogeneously III-V/Si laser with a compact optical vertical interconnect access","authors":"Jing Pu, D. Ng, K. Lim, V. Krishnamurthy, Chee-Wei Lee, Kun Tang, Anthony Yew Seng Kay, T. Loh, Qian Wang","doi":"10.1117/12.2086929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2086929","url":null,"abstract":"A new heterogeneously integrated III-V/Si laser structure is reported in this letter, which consists of a III-V ridge waveguide gain section on silicon, III-V/Si optical vertical interconnect accesses (VIAs) and silicon-oninsulator (SOI) nanophotonic waveguide sections. The III-V semiconductor layers are introduced on top of the 300 nm thick SOI layer through low temperature, plasma assisted direct wafer-bonding and etched to form III-V ridge waveguide on silicon as the gain section. The optical VIA is formed by tapering the III-V and the beneath SOI in the same direction with a length of 50 μm for efficient coupling of light down to the 600 nm wide silicon nanophotonic waveguide or vice versa. Fabrication details and specification characterizations of this heterogeneous III-V/Si Fabry–Pérot (FP) laser are given. The fabricated FP laser shows a continuous-wave lasing with a threshold current of 65 mA at room temperature and the slope efficiency from single facet is 144 mW/A. The maximal single facet emitting power is about 4.5 mW at a current of 100 mA and the side-mode suppression ratio is ~30 dB. This new heterogeneously integrated III-V/Si laser structure demonstrated enables more complex laser configuration with a sub-system on-chip for various applications.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129716532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Image sensor innovations for low light levels with active imaging features","authors":"G. Powell, P. Fereyre","doi":"10.1117/12.2185892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185892","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in CMOS imaging enable image capture at lower light levels. Color detection is also possible where human vision becomes less sensitive in night conditions. In daytime conditions, there are a number of climatic conditions such as rain, fog, snow or smoke etc. that render traditional ‘intelligent’ outdoor cameras that perform various forms of detection and identification tasks relatively ineffective. It has been proven that an adapted five transistor pixel CMOS sensor can perform range-gated active imaging that extends considerably the usability of intelligent cameras in the most difficult conditions. This paper discusses advanced state of the art image sensors with embedded features, with emphasis on the everimportant size, weight, power and cost benefits and discusses the new applications that are enabled.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131069727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bending strength measurements at different materials used for IR-cut filters in mobile camera devices","authors":"V. Dietrich, P. Hartmann, Franca Kerz","doi":"10.1117/12.2079310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2079310","url":null,"abstract":"Digital cameras are present everywhere in our daily life. Science, business or private life cannot be imagined without digital images. The quality of an image is often rated by its color rendering. In order to obtain a correct color recognition, a near infrared cut (IRC-) filter must be used to alter the sensitivity of imaging sensor. Increasing requirements related to color balance and larger angle of incidence (AOI) enforced the use of new materials as the e.g. BG6X series which substitutes interference coated filters on D263 thin glass. Although the optical properties are the major design criteria, devices have to withstand numerous environmental conditions during use and manufacturing - as e.g. temperature change, humidity, and mechanical shock, as wells as mechanical stress. The new materials show different behavior with respect to all these aspects. They are usually more sensitive against these requirements to a larger or smaller extent. Mechanical strength is especially different. Reliable strength data are of major interest for mobile phone camera applications. As bending strength of a glass component depends not only upon the material itself, but mainly on the surface treatment and test conditions, a single number for the strength might be misleading if the conditions of the test and the samples are not described precisely,. Therefore, Schott started investigations upon the bending strength data of various IRC-filter materials. Different test methods were used to obtain statistical relevant data.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115651654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photon pairs from a biexciton cascade with feedback-controlled polarization entanglement","authors":"S. M. Hein, F. Schulze, A. Carmele, A. Knorr","doi":"10.1117/12.2075579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2075579","url":null,"abstract":"We propose to use a time-delayed quantum-coherent feedback mechanism to increase and control the entanglement of photon pairs emitted by a quantum dot biexciton cascade. The quantum dot biexciton cascade is a well-known source of entangled photons on demand, however excitonic fine-structure splitting decreases the achievable polarization entanglement. We demonstrate that feedback can change the spectrum of the emitted photons in a way that the entanglement is either strongly increased or decreased, depending on the feedback time and phase. We analyze the dependence on parameters such as the delay time and the robustness of the proposed mechanism.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114941667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. G Rivera, O. B. Silva, M. El-Amraoui, Y. Ledemi, Y. Messaddeq, E. Marega
{"title":"Upconversion against direct emission in Er3+-Tm3+-codoped tellurite-glass containing gold nanoparticles","authors":"V. G Rivera, O. B. Silva, M. El-Amraoui, Y. Ledemi, Y. Messaddeq, E. Marega","doi":"10.1117/12.2079344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2079344","url":null,"abstract":"Gold nanoparticle embedded in Er3+-Tm3+-codoped tellurite-glass are able produce two effects on the emission properties these glasses: (i) quenching on direct-emission under excitation by a 405 nm laser diode, or (ii) enhancement on upconversion-emission under excitation by a 976 nm laser diode in these glasses. Both effects were investigated from the luminescence decay dynamics of ions. The localized surface plasmon resonance band of gold nanoparticles at around 580 nm resulted in the quenching/enhancement of Er3+-Tm3+ emission for the Er3+:(4S3/2→4I15/2) transition. These hybrid materials can be utilized for various photonic applications, e.g. infrared to visible light converters or emitting green light.","PeriodicalId":432115,"journal":{"name":"Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117277771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}