{"title":"Court Procedures and Arbitration","authors":"M. Gagarin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 considers Demosthenes’ use of court procedures and the role played by arbitration, first by describing the early stage of a dispute. In particular, it examines pre-litigation arbitration, more often known as ‘private arbitration’, and how it could occur at any stage in a dispute, even after formal charges had been filed. It then discusses the steps taken to initiate litigation when efforts to settle a dispute privately failed, such as choosing the kind of offence (for example, assault, theft, or impiety) and the procedure. The chapter goes on to explain private and public procedures, or dikê and graphê, respectively, and the distinction between them. Finally, it looks at the remaining steps in initiating litigation, namely: filing the charge, the preliminary hearing, public arbitration, the trial, presentation of evidence and witnesses, and the jury’s rendering of the verdict.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124072940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical Readings of Oratory","authors":"Adele C. Scafuro","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 examines how contemporary historians use the Attic orators. It first considers political histories of Philip II of Macedon and their dependence upon speeches from the Demosthenic corpus, noting how the emergence of vernacular translations of Demosthenes and Aeschines in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France and England were harbingers of the first histories of Philip. The chapter then explores problems that affect historians, in particular those relating to authorship, authenticity, chronology, and bias, before describing how the orators are useful for different types of historians, such as economic, social, religious, and legal historians. Finally, it analyses problems that arise from the constraints of the corpus, focusing on the forensic speeches. More specifically, it considers the consequences of using speeches that represent a limited class of litigants and that aim at persuasion rather than truth; epigraphic evidence may at times be a remedy for the first problem, and the application of the method of ‘forensic attestation’ for the second.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115328318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Athenian State Finances","authors":"Edmund M. Burke","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 11 examines the finances of Classical Athens. Following its defeat at the hands of the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War, Athens had to deal with a number of longer-term fiscal challenges. Most immediately, the loss to Sparta put an end to wealth drawn from the empire in tribute and other sources. By war’s end, the city had exhausted the large reserves it once commanded. Another major challenge was the loss in revenues from the Laurium mines with the flight of the slave labour force. After discussing the challenges and responses of the Athenian state with regards to public finance during the fourth century, the article considers Demosthenes’ views on Athenian state finance as articulated in his speeches.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123698946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Afterlife (Modern Era)","authors":"Alastair J. L. Blanshard","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 34 focuses on Demosthenes’ reception in the modern era. It was Cicero and Quintilian who made sure that Demosthenes will never be forgotten. The praise that they heaped on Demosthenes’ style made it possible for him to always remain a figure to conjure with. Plutarch established the status of Cicero and Demosthenes as the twin fathers of oratory. The article first considers how Demosthenes emerged as a central topic in political discussions during the modern period, as seen in the first English translation of the Olynthiacs and the Philippics by Thomas Wilson. It then examines how, from Wilson onwards, Demosthenes’ fortunes became largely intertwined with the fortunes of Athenian democracy itself, and particularly how his association with liberty and opposition to tyranny propelled Demosthenes into the limelight of American Revolutionary rhetoric. It also describes how Demosthenes became an important figure in popular culture.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132773672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kinship","authors":"S. Humphreys","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 20 focuses on kinship in Athenian social life and legal proceedings, especially as illustrated in the Demosthenic corpus. It explains why kinship was important to Athenians (civil and economic status), and how legal rules, combined with norms of age at marriage and gender roles, structured the bilateral kindred and shaped relations with kin and affines, both supportive and hostile. Because Demosthenes’ career began with his attack on Aphobus, and Apollodorus also attacked his brother’s guardian Phormion, guardianship receives special attention. The article ends with new questions about the process through which speeches on kinship issues came to be circulated, and about their readership.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125844653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trade and Credit","authors":"Sitta von Reden","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 16 examines Athenian trade and credit based on Demosthenes’ speeches, suggesting that any information we take from Demosthenes' speeches about the nature of and attitudes to trade and traders must take the rhetorical context of the speeches into consideration. It therefore first considers commercial litigation as it relates to democracy in classical Athens, focusing on the speech Against Zenothemis, written by Demosthenes for his uncle Demon in support of a special plea he had lodged against a foreigner and merchant named Zenothemis. It then analyses the power politics surrounding maritime suits in fourth-century Athens, noting that when foreigners and slaves were involved, this could easily be exploited, but even more explosive were discrepancies in rhetorical skill. Legal disputes in the market were often caused by complex transactions between creditors, merchants, ship-owners, and middlemen. In the second part, it explores what we might be able to say on the role of trade in the Athenian economy.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126039184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Views on the Past","authors":"G. Westwood","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 14 examines how versions of the past, particularly the Athenian past, figure and are deployed rhetorically in the public part of Demosthenes’ texts. It considers Demosthenes’ conception of Athenian history and the ways that he fashioned his historical material for communication to mass audiences by comparing his practice with that of Lycurgus, Aeschines, Hyperides, and Dinarchus. It discusses the basic unit of historical reference in Athenian oratorical texts, the paradeigma or illustrative analogy, and analyses Demosthenes’ uses of historical themes and argumentation in relation to the overall strategies of the speeches concerned. Finally, it highlights some key factors affecting the compositional and presentational choices made by orators as well as the extent to which orators modelled their self-presentation strategies on those of their political seniors (or indeed on more chronologically distant figures) and modified them to respond to those of successful rivals.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123423954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Literary Readings of Oratory","authors":"G. Mader","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 first maps some significant literary features in Demosthenes’ public speeches (such as êthos, pathos, logos, inter- and intra-textuality, and manufactured pseudo-objectivity) and then in four case studies demonstrates their application to support his political agenda: persuasion by êthos takes a satirical turn to galvanize visceral emotion and enforce self-recognition; an elaborate ‘language war’ reinforces the illusion of objective analysis; intra-textual self-validation produces luminous showpieces where identity is enacted; and virtuoso ekphrastic moments disclose the poetics of demegoric persuasion. Together these features create a sense of urgency and inevitability, engaging and persuading through powerful affective, cognitive, and aesthetic appeals.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130283110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Athenian Foreign Policy","authors":"P. Rhodes","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 10 examines foreign policy in Classical Athens, beginning with a discussion of the conflict between Athens and Sparta in the fifth century—that is, before the birth of Demosthenes. Athens lost in the war with Sparta, becoming a subordinate ally of the latter, but rebounded quickly in the fourth century. Thus, the ambition of Thebes/Boeotia to become another leading power was heralded by its leading an alliance including Athens into the Corinthian War against Sparta in 395. The article first provides an overview of the Peace of Antalcidas, or King’s Peace, signed between the Spartans and the Persians in 387/6, before analysing the Social War of 356–355 and the Peace of Philocrates (346). It also describes Alexander the Great’s invasion of Asia in 334 and important developments in Athenian foreign policy in the period after the invasion.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114798916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Law and Justice","authors":"Mirko Canevaro","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 examines the role of law and justice in the speeches of Demosthenes and other Greek orators. The Demosthenic corpus consists of 42 judicial speeches in which issues of justice are central and legal cases are assessed for their conformity with the laws of Athens. After discussing how the laws and justice figure in the oratory of Demosthenes, in connection with the judges’ expectations and with the rules and institutional habits that determined how these cases were assessed, the chapter considers the place of law and justice in Athenian trials. It also analyses the ways that the law is applied in the Athenian lawcourts and the importance of laws being consistent among themselves and in the principles they foster.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"30 21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122804765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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