{"title":"Allies and Foes (I)","authors":"N. Sawada","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 26 considers three Athenian prominent politicians and gifted orators in the period of Demosthenes’ activity: Aeschines, Hyperides, and Lycurgus. Scholars have often regarded Aeschines, Hyperides, and Lycurgus as leaders of factions or groups that collaborated with or opposed Demosthenes over policy towards Macedon: Aeschines has been seen as the leader of the pro-Macedonians, and Hyperides and Lycurgus as leaders of the radical and the conservative anti-Macedonians, respectively. Although it is now generally agreed that Athens had no political parties in the modern sense, scholars still tend to view Athenian politics in the period of Demosthenes primarily in the reductivist terms of pro- and anti-Macedonian division. The chapter discusses the political careers of Aeschines, Hyperides, and Lycurgus.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116462191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Public Opinion and the Arenas of Debate","authors":"Karen Piepenbrink","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 examines the role of public opinion in Athenian debates in philosophical circles, especially in arenas such as public assemblies and law courts. It begins with a discussion of the dêmos’ attitudes and positions that occur in speeches, particularly in the political speeches and the prosecution and defence speeches from public trials. More specifically, it considers the attitudes of the dêmos towards the social and political elite as well as its positions on day-to-day politics. It then analyses the competition between orators in political debates that are held in public assemblies and in the law courts. It shows that orators refer back to alleged views of the people in order to communicate their own suggestions or petitions successfully even as they attempt to discredit their opponents, but at the same time distancing themselves from the dêmos and representing the interests of individuals.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122380867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Allies and Foes (II)","authors":"L. Gallo","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 27 considers some prominent Athenian politicians who were contemporaries of Demosthenes but whose speeches have not survived. In fourth-century Athens, a professionalization of politics took shape: the politically active, the so-called rhêtores, were a rather small group of wealthy citizens who often took the initiative of promoting laws and decrees, initiated legal proceedings against rivals, and were armed with the adequate rhetorical skills to convince the dêmos in the Assembly or with specific expertise in the financial field. The political activity of Athenian politicians and the composition and orientation of the respective groups are often subject to conflicting interpretations. The chapter takes a look at some of these politicians, including Eubulus and his allies, Diophantus, Androtion, Aristophon and his allies, other allies of Demosthenes, and politicians in the period after Chaeronea.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121899192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Biographic Tradition","authors":"B. Cook","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 23 examines the biographic tradition on Demosthenes, focusing on the content of the surviving Lives of Demosthenes. It also cites examples to characterize the perspectives and distinctive features of these biographic texts from the fragments of Demosthenes’ day to the time of Photius and the Suda. The writing of Demosthenes’ Life begins with Demosthenes and his contemporaries. To find the earliest surviving biography of Demosthenes, allowing for a flexible definition of biography, a good start is to consider the summary justification of Ctesiphon’s proposed decree to crown Demosthenes in 336. The article discusses a number of works dealing with Demosthenes’ Life, including Plutarch’s Demosthenes, Lucian’s Encomium of Demosthenes, the pseudo-Plutarchan Demosthenes, Libanius’ Life of Demosthenes, Zosimus’ Life of Demosthenes, and the anonymous Life of Demosthenes.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127770090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rhetorical Technique","authors":"C. W. Wooten","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 31 examines Demosthenes’ rhetorical technique. Most ancient rhetorical theorists, both Greek and Roman, considered Demosthenes to be the best of the ancient orators. As a result, much of their scholarly inquiry was focused on determining what made Demosthenes’ oratory so effective. Given the enormous emphasis on style in ancient rhetorical theory, many critics unsurprisingly viewed Demosthenes’ stylistic virtuosity, particularly his versatility, as the main reason for his success and the hallmark of his oratory. The article discusses the theoretical analyses of Demosthenes’ oratorical style by Cicero, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Hermogenes. It also explores the shape of Demosthenes’ speeches and sentences, along with his argumentation (logical, emotional, and ethical).","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129888912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Family, Formation, Extra-Political Activities","authors":"Iris Samotta","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 24 examines the first three decades of Demosthenes’ life, focusing on his family and personal life, his upbringing, and the lawsuits against his guardians. Although born into a privileged family, his guardians’ neglect and scheming out of greed left Demosthenes at the mercy of other family members. It took Demosthenes several years and a large amount of stubbornness and determination to prosecute his former guardians. The chapter considers how Demosthenes’ lawsuits against his former guardians played an important role not only in securing him at least parts of his inheritance but also in laying the foundation to his prominence in Athenian society. It shows that Demosthenes’ success in the courtroom led to a professional career as a logographer, which in turn earned him the means to enter the political arena as a gifted and ambitious rhêtôr.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122517213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"City and Countryside","authors":"R. Osborne","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 22 examines how the city and countryside are represented in Demosthenes and other Attic orators. In a court of law, the plausibility of a story will often be contingent on the physical setting, and a speaker is expected to persuade the jury to accept his version by having them visualize where events took place. Demosthenes, even when speaking in the courts, seldom depicts action in a specific rural or urban environment. To understand why, the chapter first considers what Athenian forensic oratory generally has to offer by way of descriptions of physical settings. It then analyses the rhetorical and political reasons why the Attic orators in general, and Demosthenes in particular, provide little detailed information about the physical world in which they lived. Finally, it discusses the implications of the reticence by Demosthenes and other orators to talk about local city or country life.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121400543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Epitaphios, Erotikos, Prooimia, and Letters","authors":"I. Worthington","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 30 examines Demosthenes’ Funeral Oration (Epitaphios), Erotikos or Erotic Essay, prologues (prooimia) or rhetorical openings of political speeches, and six letters—works that have often been relegated to the sidelines of Demosthenic studies because of the orator’s longer and more famous speeches, but offer crucial insights into the history, society, and politics of ancient Greece as well as Demosthenes’ rhetorical style. The content and context of these works and their authenticity are discussed. It shows that almost all of the six letters found in Demosthenes’ corpus were written during his period of exile in the aftermath of the Harpalus affair, and that the authorship of the prooimia is almost certainly Demosthenic since some of them match openings of his extant speeches.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121860472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diplomacy","authors":"Peter Hunt","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"Demosthenes’ life and works provide invaluable evidence both about the process by which the Athenians made diplomatic decisions and about how their ambassadors were expected to carry out these decisions. His foreign-policy speeches showed the wide variety of arguments that carried weight in the Athenian assembly: everything from cold calculation to appeals to manliness, from reciprocity to the noble Athenian mission to succour the unjustly oppressed. Although the practice of diplomacy was aristocratic in several ways, Demosthenes emphasized only the most democratic and public aspects of his own diplomatic service in contrast with Aischines’ supposed corruption, which Demosthenes links with an elitist preference for personal ties over loyalty to the city. Demosthenes’ self-representation was probably a distortion of his actual role; for example, he may have been a proxenos for Thebes.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126827159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Place of Oratory in Fourth-Century Politics and Culture","authors":"Katharina Wojciech","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 examines the role of oratory in political and cultural life during the fourth century, focusing on the practice of public speaking, the relationship between rhetoric and other literary forms, and the orators’ concerns about appearing professional. It begins with a discussion of the practice and significance of oratory, noting how the high level that rhetoric attained in Athens is primarily intertwined with its democratic form of government and its requirements. It then considers the interaction between oratory and other literary forms such as epic poetry and drama, historiography, and philosophy. It also analyses the reflexivity of oratory in speeches, describing the interaction between the elite and the dêmos as a kind of drama and suggesting that participation in this drama turned rhetoric display into a reflexive and discursive process.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130965202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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