James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0004
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Harrington’s Republicanism","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 focuses on the nature of Harrington’s republicanism and the key features of his ‘equal commonwealth’. It begins by examining the complex publishing history of Oceana and the political and intellectual context in which that work was written. It then traces Harrington’s commitment to key features of commonwealth government: his use of republican models ancient and modern, his adoption of the neo-Roman understanding of liberty and his conflict with Thomas Hobbes on this issue, and his commitment to government in accordance with reason and the public good. Harrington’s understanding of, and emphasis on, the concepts of empire and authority are then explored. Finally, the central features of his equal commonwealth are set out: the agrarian law to ensure equality at the foundation, and then a bicameral legislature, rotation of office, and the Venetian ballot to secure equality and prevent corruption in the superstructure.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123662997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0013
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Engaging with Politicians","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Harrington’s theory about the relationship between land and political power was mentioned several times in parliamentary debates in February 1659 and used to refute calls for a return to the government of King, Lords, and Commons. Nonetheless, Richard Cromwell’s position as chief magistrate was deemed compatible with Harringtonian theory. Harringtonian arguments were also brought to bear on the various constitutional proposals put forward that year, not least the army idea of a select senate. In addition, it was proposed that a parliamentary committee be established to discuss Harrington’s distinctive solution to the ongoing crisis, and several Harringtonian petitions were delivered to Parliament. While Harrington may not have achieved his aim of getting his model implemented, his ideas were widely discussed during the final year of the interregnum, and he gained some influential converts.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128247800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0011
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Controversies Concerning Religion","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Harrington very deliberately engaged in a number of high-profile religious debates during the late 1650s in order to defend and advance the vision of a civil religion that was central to his account of an equal commonwealth as set out in Oceana. Alongside debates concerning the nature of the commonwealth of Israel discussed previously, Harrington engaged in religious controversies over ordination within the early church and the proper relationship between church and state, clergy and laity. This last debate even led him to coin the modern meaning of the term ‘priestcraft’. His position in these debates paralleled and interacted with his engagement in political and historical issues. Once more he offered a distinctive ‘middle way’, this time balancing Erastianism and the establishment of a national church with liberty of conscience, and his commitment to popular government or democracy was again crucial.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127625941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0005
R. Hammersley
{"title":"The Limits of Harrington’s Republicanism","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"While Harrington was a republican of a certain kind, his thought was not always typical of this discourse, resulting in conflict with other republicans of the time. Chapter 5 traces the limits of Harrington’s republicanism, examining his attitude towards royalists and considering the relativism reflected in his acknowledgment that absolute monarchy may be the best form of government for certain states. The chapter demonstrates that Harrington did not see his model as incompatible with a single figurehead. The Lord Archon in Oceana acts both as legislator and as princely ruler or doge. Harrington was then a pluralist, not an exclusivist, republican, more concerned with the exercise of popular power at the foundation of the system than with whether one or a few ruled at its apex. He thus offered a middle way between traditional monarchy and kingless republicanism, rendering more understandable his relations with Charles Stuart and Charles Louis.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125507180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0014
R. Hammersley
{"title":"The Rota Club","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 14 offers a novel and comprehensive account of the Rota Club, established by Harrington in the autumn of 1659. As well as seizing the opportunity for political speculation, the Rota Club took Harrington’s experimentation with form to a new level. It provided a means of putting into practice two of the more controversial elements of Harrington’s programme: open and inclusive membership of the citizen body, and the debating and balloting procedure. By welcoming members with diverse political and religious views to the Club, and encouraging them to engage in political debate in a peaceful and constructive manner, Harrington was showing that inclusive citizenship would not automatically lead to chaos. By instituting a formal system of debate and the use of a balloting box, Harrington was providing an opportunity for people to experience the controversial decision-making procedure he had described in Oceana.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130982030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0008
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Innovation in Style","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"While Harrington is best known as a political writer, he began his career as a poet. Chapter 8 argues that he never gave up his literary interests, that his political and literary writings were intertwined, and that his substantive arguments were reflected in the vocabulary and form of his works. Harrington coined new words or adapted old ones to reflect the revolutionary changes of the time. Both his hybrid constitutional vocabulary and Oceana’s composite form can be read as an embodiment of the combination of ancient, English, and modern practices that made up his system, and as a reflection of the idea that his model constitution would reconcile royalists and parliamentarians. Concerned that people find it difficult to understand written constitutional models, Harrington experimented with fiction, dialogue, and visualization to spark his audience’s imagination so that they could ‘experience’, and therefore come to understand and appreciate, his political model.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114289096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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